All Past Questions

Chapter 1 — Introduction4 marks

1.1 Definition, importance and purpose of estimation 15 Q

1. What is an estimating? Why should prepare before construction work? Describe the data required for the preparation of an estimate. [1+1+4] (2082 Bhadra, Q.1)
   The third part of this question also belongs to Section 1.3.
2. Compare estimated cost and actual cost. Write down the unit of measurement and unit of payment for following item of works.
   • i) R.C. sunshade with specified width and height
   • ii) Thickness specified shutter of doors and windows
   • iii) Iron Grills
   • iv) Asbestos cement sheet in roofs
   [3+2] (2081 Baishakh, Q.1)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 1.2.
3. • a) What is purpose of preparing detail estimate before construction work?
   • b) Estimated cost is never equal to the actual cost of a project. Give your opinion.
   [2+3] (2080 Bhadra, Q.1)
4. What is estimating and costing? Explain the principle of units. [2+3] (2080 Baishakh, Q.1)
5. Explain that estimated cost is never the actual cost. What are the data required for estimating? [3+2] (2078 Bhadra, Q.1)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 1.3.
6. • a) List out principle of units of measurement. Explain the data required for preparing detailed estimate.
   • b) Mention the various purposes of estimating and costing.
   [3+3] (2076 Chaitra, Q.1)
   Part a of this question also belongs to Sections 1.2 and 1.3.
7. What is an estimating? What are the purposes of estimating? Mention various data which are required for preparing detailed estimate. [1+3+2] (2076 Ashwin, Q.1)
   The third part of this question also belongs to Section 1.3.
8. State, why estimated cost is necessary in construction work. Describe various data required to prepare an estimate. [3+3] (2075 Chaitra, Q.1)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 1.3.
9. Enlist the purposes of preparing an estimate of quantities of work and its cost. [4] (2075 Ashwin, Q.1)
10. • a) Mention the various purposes of Estimating.
    • b) Write the units of measurement and payment for the following items of work:
      • (i) Surface excavation
      • (ii) Brick work in well steining
      • (iii) Lightening conductor
      • (iv) Cornice
    [4+4] (2074 Ashwin, Q.1)
    Part b of this question also belongs to Section 1.2.
11. Describe the term estimate. State the necessity of estimated cost in construction work. Mention the various requirements for preparing detailed estimate. [2+2+2] (2073 Shrawan, Q.1(a))
    The third part of this question also belongs to Section 1.3.
12. • a) What are the purposes of Estimating and Costing? Explain the data required for Estimating.
    • b) Explain in short the various methods of taking quantities in building works.
    [3+5+4] (2070 Chaitra, Q.1)
    The data part of a also belongs to Section 1.3; part b belongs to Chapter 2.
13. What is an estimate? What is meant by quantity survey? Distinguish between estimated cost and actual cost. [3] (2067 Ashadh, Q.1(a))
14. • a) What are the purposes of estimating? ‘An estimate is never the actual cost of the work’, justify your answer.
    • b) What are the different types of estimates? How do they differ from each other?
    [5+5] (2066 Bhadra, Q.1)
    Part b of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.
15. • a) What is an estimate, why it should be prepared before construction work? What are the requirements of estimating?
    • b) Under what circumstances different types of estimate is prepared? Describe each of them with conditional examples.
    [5+5] (2065 Shrawan, Q.1)
    Part b of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.

1.2 Units of measurement and payment 6 Q

1. Write down the unit of measurement and payment of given items of works:
   • i) Iron grills
   • ii) Skirting
   • iii) Formworks
   • iv) Door window shutters
   [2] (2081 Bhadra, Q.2)
2. Compare estimated cost and actual cost. Write down the unit of measurement and unit of payment for following item of works.
   • i) R.C. sunshade with specified width and height
   • ii) Thickness specified shutter of doors and windows
   • iii) Iron Grills
   • iv) Asbestos cement sheet in roofs
   [3+2] (2081 Baishakh, Q.1)
3. • a) Mention the various purposes of Estimating.
   • b) Write the units of measurement and payment for the following items of work:
     • (i) Surface excavation
     • (ii) Brick work in well steining
     • (iii) Lightening conductor
     • (iv) Cornice
   [4+4] (2074 Ashwin, Q.1)
4. Write five units of measurement of each length, area and volume. [5] (2074 Chaitra, Q.1)
5. List most common units of measurement and payment for civil works and sanitary works (at least five from each). [5] (2071 Chaitra, Q.3)
6. • a) How are the following items of work measured? What are their units of measurement and payment?
     • (i) Pointing work
     • (ii) Steel reinforcement
   • b) Explain what do you understand by:
     • (i) Bill of quantities
     • (ii) Contingency
   • c) Explain why approximate estimate of any structure is done before the detailed estimate and final cost is worked out.
   [3+3+4] (2068 Baishakh, Q.1)
   Part a also belongs to Section 1.4; parts b and c belong to Chapter 3.

1.3 Data required for estimation of civil engineering works 1 Q

1. List out the data required for detail estimate of any construction projects. This syllabus point is almost always examined together with the definition and purpose of estimating. The following questions of Section 1.1 also ask for the data required for estimation and must be studied here as well: Q1, Q5, Q6(a), Q7, Q8, Q11, Q12(a). [3] (2081 Bhadra, Q.1)

1.4 Method of measurement of earthwork, plaster work, brick work, concrete work, reinforcement and wood work 8 Q

1. • a) (i) What is lead and lift? (ii) Prepare the rate analysis for M20 PCC work in 10 m × 10 m × 1 m raft foundation.
   • b) Write the method of deduction work for plastering work as per IS-1200.
   • c) Explain in detail how Nepal Government agencies take norms and rates for rate analysis. (Parts a and c of this question also belong to Chapter 6.)
   [2+6+4+2+2] (2080 Bhadra, Q.4)
2. What are the necessary points that needs to be considered while measuring earthwork? In what case do you need to prepare revise estimate? Explain with an example. [4+4] (2079 Bhadra, Q.2)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.
3. Briefly explain the method of quantity estimate for road construction. Workout the quantities of earthwork in embankment and cutting. [2+10] (2079 Bhadra, Q.8)
   The second part of this question belongs to Chapter 5; the earthwork data table is given with the original question paper.
4. Explain the following:
   • a) Multiplying factors adopted of Panelled door and Louver door.
   • b) Rules for deductions from plastering for opening brick surfaces.
   • c) Bill of quantities and abstract of cost.
   [2+2+2] (2076 Chaitra, Q.2)
   Part c of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.
5. Explain the following:
   • a) Multiplying factors adopted in painting of Panelled door, flush door, Louver door and Glazed window.
   • b) Rules for deductions from plastering for opening in brick surfaces.
   • c) Bill of quantities.
   [2+2+2] (2076 Ashwin, Q.2)
   Part c of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.
6. • a) Explain with neat sketches to workout quantity of semi-circular arch (span, thickness and rise of arch given).
   • b) Prepare tables of quantity sheet and abstract cost for a residential building.
   • c) What is Bill of quantities? State its importance. (Parts b and c of this question also belong to Chapter 3.)
   [4+3+3] (2071 Chaitra, Q.2)
7. How are the following items of work measured?
   • i) Plaster work
   • ii) Cornice work
   [4] (2067 Ashadh, Q.2(b))
8. • a) Describe how will you prepare a preliminary estimate of a government office building for administrative approval of government including external services. The external services should be specified.
   • b) How are the following items measured?
     • i) Plaster work
     • ii) Cornice work
   [5+5] (2067 Poush, Q.1)
   Part a of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.

Chapter 2 — Methods of Quantity Estimate6 marks

2.1 Long wall short wall method 9 Q

1. List various methods of quantity estimate. Describe bill of quantities (BOQ) and preparation of detailed estimate of any project. [1+2+2] (2082 Bhadra, Q.2)
   The second and third parts of this question also belong to Chapter 3.
2. Write down the general method of taking out quantities in load bearing brick masonry building with their suitability. [5] (2081 Bhadra, Q.3)
3. What are the various methods of taking out quantities? What are the sub-heads of items of work for building project? [4+4] (2080 Baishakh, Q.2)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.
4. You are working for a design project of a building. Your Team Leader instruct you to perform a work break down structure for the quantity calculation work. How are you planning to do so for the frame structure building project? [4] (2079 Bhadra, Q.1)
5. What are the various methods of taking out quantities of civil engineering? Explain briefly. State the different factors considered during detailed estimation. [4+2] (2078 Bhadra, Q.2)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.
6. What are various methods of taking quantities of works? [4] (2075 Ashwin, Q.2)
7. Explain various methods of building estimate with suitable sketch. Explain the term contingencies and work charge establishment. [5+5] (2074 Chaitra, Q.2)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Chapter 3.
8. Explain in short the various methods of taking quantities in building works. [4] (2070 Chaitra, Q.1(b))
9. Write short notes on (any three):
   • i) Approximate estimate
   • ii) Revised estimate
   • iii) Centre line method
   • iv) Capitalized value (Items i, ii belong to Chapter 3 and item iv belongs to Chapter 7.)
   [6] (2066 Bhadra, Q.2(b))

Chapter 3 — Types of Estimate6 marks

3.1 Approximate estimate, purpose and methods 3 Q

1. What are the different methods of preparing approximate estimate? Write the suitability of each method. [6] (2073 Shrawan, Q.2(a))
2. Explain why approximate estimate of any structure is done before the detailed estimate and final cost is worked out. [4] (2068 Baishakh, Q.1(c))
3. • a) What do you understand by approximate estimate? When do you need revised estimate?
   • b) Prepare a preliminary estimate of six storied framed structure office building having a total carpet area
   [4+4] (2076 Chaitra, Q.3)

3.2 Detailed estimate 8 Q

1. List various methods of quantity estimate. Describe bill of quantities (BOQ) and preparation of detailed estimate of any project. [1+2+2] (2082 Bhadra, Q.2)
   The first part also belongs to Chapter 2 and the BOQ part to Section 3.7.
2. Briefly describe the components of detail estimation report with their format for a road project. [4] (2081 Bhadra, Q.4)
3. Explain different data required and subheads to included in detail estimation report of an irrigation project. [6] (2081 Bhadra, Q.10)
   The sub-heads part of this question also belongs to Section 3.6.
4. Prepare a detail estimate report for small sewerage project. [6] (2080 Bhadra, Q.6)
5. What are the various methods of taking out quantities of civil engineering? Explain briefly. State the different factors considered during detailed estimation. [4+2] (2078 Bhadra, Q.2)
   The first part of this question also belongs to Chapter 2.
6. Describe how will you prepare a detailed estimate of a building. [6] (2074 Ashwin, Q.2)
7. Describe briefly how will you prepare a detailed estimate of a building. [5] (2073 Shrawan, Q.1(b)(i))
8. Describe how will you prepare a detailed cost estimate of a building. [4] (2068 Baishakh, Q.2)

3.3 Revised estimate 2 Q

1. What are the necessary points that needs to be considered while measuring earthwork? In what case do you need to prepare revise estimate? Explain with an example. [4+4] (2079 Bhadra, Q.2)
   The first part of this question also belongs to Chapter 1.
2. Why revise estimate should be prepared? What is Rate analysis? Explain its important. (The second and third parts of this question also belong to Chapter 6.) The revised estimate is also asked as part of the general "types of estimate" questions listed in Section 3.1 — see Q3(a), Q4, Q6(b), Q7(ii), Q8, Q9, Q10 and Q11(ii). [5] (2074 Chaitra, Q.3)

3.5 Complete estimate 1 Q

1. What are the components of a complete estimate? Prepare a sample of abstract cost. (The second part of this question also belongs to Section 3.7.) The complete estimate is also asked inside the general "types of estimate" questions of Section 3.1 — see Q5(b), Q6(d), Q9 and Q10. [4+4] (2075 Ashwin, Q.3)

3.6 Splitting of cost of building, road, water supply and sanitary works into sub-heads 13 Q

1. What are the subheads of various items of work? When is an approximate estimate prepared? [4+2] (2081 Baishakh, Q.2)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 3.1.
2. What are the various methods of taking out quantities? What are the sub-heads of items of work for building project? [4+4] (2080 Baishakh, Q.2)
   The first part of this question also belongs to Chapter 2.
3. Prepare a project estimate for water supply project. [5] (2082 Bhadra, Q.8)
4. What is project? Explain its characteristics. Describe stages of estimating project. [8] (2081 Baishakh, Q.7)
   The "characteristics of a project" part is listed in the Chapter 3 out-of-syllabus section below.
5. Describe different stages of project estimate. Explain the characteristic of technical report writing of a project. [4+4] (2080 Baishakh, Q.6)
6. What are the requisites for a project estimate? Explain in brief the factors you consider while preparing a building project estimate. [4+4] (2079 Bhadra, Q.6)
7. What are the tasks you need to consider in preparing estimate of a building project work? Explain in brief. Discuss estimation irrigation project. [4+4] (2078 Bhadra, Q.7)
8. What is Project? How is building project estimate? [6] (2076 Chaitra, Q.5)
9. Define project. Discuss estimate of irrigation project. [6] (2075 Chaitra, Q.7)
10. What do you mean by Project estimate? How do you prepare project estimate? State the reports on estimate. [1+2+3] (2075 Ashwin, Q.7)
11. Define project. Discuss estimation of road project. [5] (2074 Chaitra, Q.5)
12. Define project. Discuss estimate of irrigation project. [5] (2071 Chaitra, Q.5)
13. What are the works that an estimator has to take account in project estimate? Explain. Note on the irrigation-project questions (Q43, Q45, Q48). Syllabus point 3.6 names only building, road, water supply and sanitary works; irrigation is not listed. These questions are kept here because irrigation works are covered by Chapter 5 of ENCE 351, so the sub-head breakdown of an irrigation project remains examinable through that chapter. Note on the report questions (Q41, Q46). Writing up the estimate is still required — the course objective of ENCE 351 ends with "the preparation of detailed estimate and valuation reports" — so these remain in syllabus. [6] (2070 Chaitra, Q.3(a))

3.7 Detail estimation formats (summary of cost, detail quantity estimate, analysis of rate, abstract of cost and bill of quantities) 1 Q

1. For a construction project of following quantities of works need to be executed with given cost. Prepare Abstract of Cost (AOC), Bill of quantities (BOQ), and Summary of cost including 5% contingency and 13% taxes. S.N. Description of work Quantity Unit Rate (Rs) Earthwork in excavation cu.m 2 Earthwork in backfilling cu.m 3 PCC in foundation cu.m 9,000 2nd class brickwork in foundation [6] (2080 Bhadra, Q.2)

Chapter 6 — Analysis of Rates8 marks

6.1 Importance and purpose of rate analysis 3 Q

1. What do you mean by rate analysis? What are the purposes and factors that affecting rate analysis? [1+2+3] (2082 Bhadra, Q.5)
   The last part of this question also belongs to Section 6.3.
2. Explain the significance of analysis of rates in civil engineering projects. What are the requirements for analysis of rates? [3+3] (2081 Baishakh, Q.4)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 6.2.
3. Why analysis of rate is important for civil engineering work? Also, explain how rates are taken for analysis. Calculate the quantities of materials required for PCC (1:1.5:3) for RCC roof [2+2+4] (2079 Bhadra, Q.4)

6.2 Data required for rate analysis 3 Q

1. What is lead and lift? [2] (2080 Bhadra, Q.4(a)(i))
2. What are the requirements for rate analysis? Explain the factors affecting the rate analysis. [4+4] (2078 Bhadra, Q.4)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 6.3.
3. What are the requirements of preparing rate analysis? Explain the factors that affect rate analysis. (The second part of this question also belongs to Section 6.3.) The requirements / data for rate analysis are also asked in Q2, Q3, Q5, Q7 and Q9 of Section 6.1, and the importance of lead and lift is asked again in Q39 [2080 Baishakh] of Section 6.5.1. [4] (2076 Chaitra, Q.4(a))

6.3 Factors affecting rate analysis 3 Q

1. Briefly explain the various factors that affect the rate analysis. Why is rate analysis in civil engineering necessary? [4+4] (2075 Ashwin, Q.4)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 6.1.
2. What are the factors on which the unit rates of particular item of work depends? [4] (2074 Ashwin, Q.4(a))
3. Explain various factors which affects the rate analysis. The factors affecting rate analysis are also asked in Q1, Q4 and Q10 of Section 6.1 and in Q12 and Q13 of Section 6.2. [6] (2071 Chaitra, Q.4(c))

6.4 Prevailing rate analysis norms and district rates in Nepal 3 Q

1. What are the departmental norms used for analysis of rate in Nepal for building works, road works and sanitary works? Also list the data provided in such norms. [4] (2081 Bhadra, Q.6)
2. Explain in detail how Nepal Government agencies take norms and rates for rate analysis. [2+2] (2080 Bhadra, Q.4(c))
3. A structure is to be constructed in Bajhang district with Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) work. Fine and coarse aggregates are available locally @ Rs. 2000/m³. Cement is not locally available and has to be bought from the nearest market 100 km away; its cost is Rs. 600 per bag and the carrying cost is Rs. 0.05/kg/km. Find the cost of 1 cum PCC work at that place if the skilled and unskilled manpower required per cum is 1 and 4 man-days with Rs. 1000 and Rs. 900 daily wages respectively. [7] (2081 Bhadra, Q.8)

6.5 Analysis of rate for building, road, sanitary and water supply works 3 Q

1. Calculate quantities of material required for brick wall of a building L × B × H = 10 m × 0.23 m × 3 m with 10 mm thick in (1:5) cement sand mortar. The wall contains two windows of size 1.2 m × 1.2 m. Take standard size of brick. [5] (2081 Bhadra, Q.7)
2. Calculate quantity of materials required for 5 m³ of stone masonry in 1:6 cement sand mortar ratios. [5] (2081 Baishakh, Q.5)
3. Find out quantities of materials required for brick wall of size (10 m × 3 m × [5] (2080 Bhadra, Q.5)

Chapter 7 — Valuation6 marks

7.1 Purpose, importance and principle of valuation 6 Q

1. Why valuation of property is required? Differentiate between obsolescence and depreciation. [5] (2067 Ashadh, Q.4(a))
2. Define valuation and explain how computer helps in valuation task for engineer. A prospective investor desires to purchase a piece of converted land measuring 1,56,000 sq ft in area. After developing this land for housing colony, he wants to sell the plots (1700 sq ft in area) at the rate of Rs. 9,300 per sq ft which is prevailing in the vicinity and thus earn net profit of 22% in the bargain. With the following information, work out the valuation of the undeveloped property. Express the value of property per sq ft basis.
   • a) Deduction for roads, parks, electric substations = 30% area
   • b) Levelling, dressing and jungle clearance cost = Rs. 5 per sq ft
   • c) Cost of providing roads, drainage, w/s and electric sub-station = Rs. 400 per sq ft
   • d) Engineer’s fee and miscellaneous charges = 5% of sale price
   • e) Legal charges, brokerage and advertisement = 10% on sale price
   [2+6] (CM 2082 Chaitra, Q.13)
   The numerical part of this question applies the development method — see also Section 7.4.
3. • a) Why valuation is done? Explain different parameters affecting the valuation of the property.
   • b) A building having estimated future life of 80 years, fetches a gross annual rent of Rs. 2500 per month. Work out its capitalized value on the basis of 8% net yield. The land plot of the above building measures 1200 m² and cost of land is taken at Rs. 100 per m². The other outgoings are: Repair and maintenance (1/12)th of gross income; Municipal taxes and property tax 25% of gross income; Management and miscellaneous charges 8% of gross income. The plinth area of the building is 600 m² and plinth area rate of the building is Rs. 200 per m².
   [2+2+6] (CM 2078 Chaitra, Q.11)
   The second half of part a belongs to Section 7.3 and part b to Section 7.4.
4. • a) Explain importance of specification and valuation. What are the different methods of working out the valuation of property?
   • b) A RCC framed structure building having estimated future life 80 years, fetches a gross annual rent of Rs. 2220 per month. Work out its capitalized value on the basis of 6% net yield. The rate of compound interest for sinking fund may be taken 4%. The land plot of above building measures 1400 sqm and cost of land may be taken to be Rs. 120 per sqm. The other outgoings are: (i) Repair and maintenance 1/12th of the gross income (ii) Municipal taxes and property tax 25% of gross income (iii) Management and miscellaneous charges 7% of gross income.
   [equal marks] (CM 2074 Magh, Q.8)
   The specification part of a belongs to Chapter 8, the methods part to Section 7.4 and part b to Section 7.4.
5. Define value of any property and what is to be satisfied by any property to have its value. A person desires to sell his property having details as: Gross rent = Rs. 5000 per month, total outgoings = 25% of gross rent, estimated future life = 35 yrs, area of land = 200 m², estimated value of land = Rs. 2000 per square meter. Determine the fair value of property. Take rate of interest on capital as 10% and rate of redemption of capital as 5%. Assume suitable data, if required. [1+6] (CM 2073 Bhadra, Q.7)
   The first part also belongs to Section 7.2 and the numerical to Section 7.4.
6. Define valuation. What are the purposes of valuation? Explain the factors affecting value of the property. Or Workout the value of a Cinema hall from the following data:
   • i) Cost of land = Rs. 5 crore
   • ii) Gross income = Rs. 2 crore
   • iii) Operating cost = 40% of gross income
   • iv) Repair and maintenance of machineries = 5% of capital cost, where capital cost is Rs. 40 lakh
   • v) Repair of hall = 5% of gross income
   • vi) Sinking fund for machineries whose life is estimated 25 years @ 4% after allowing 10% scrap value
   • vii) Insurance premium = Rs. 50,000 per year
   • viii) Assume year’s purchase for 60 years at 8% and redemption of capital at 10%
   [2+3+3 or 8] (CM 2070 Magh, Q.13)
   The last part of the theory option belongs to Section 7.3 and the alternative numerical to Section 7.4.

7.2 Concept of cost and value 7 Q

1. Distinguish clearly between:
   • i) Value and cost
   • ii) Salvage value and scrap value
   • iii) Cost based method of valuation and development method of valuation (Item iii also belongs to Section 7.4.)
   [6] (2067 Poush, Q.3(a))
2. • a) Differentiate between cost and value. Explain different factors affecting valuation of property.
   • b) A building with plinth area 200 m² was constructed 25 years ago at a cost of Rs. 22 lakhs in a land of area 500 m². Rate of land at present is Rs. 25,000 per m². Current construction rate of similar building is Rs. 25,000 per m². If the life of the building is 60 years and scrap value 10%, find the present value of the property using straight line method of depreciation.
   [6+6] (CM 2073 Magh, Q.4)
   The second half of part a belongs to Section 7.3 and part b to Section 7.4.
3. Write short notes on:
   • (i) Scrap value
   • (ii) Depreciation
   • (iii) Sinking fund
   • (iv) Capitalized value
   [6] (2074 Ashwin, Q.5(b))
4. Write short notes on (any three):
   • i) Overhead charge
   • ii) Task or out turn of work
   • iii) Salvage value and scrap value
   • iv) Sinking fund (Items i and ii also belong to Chapter 3.)
   [3×2] (2067 Ashadh, Q.2(c))
5. Write short notes on (any three):
   • i) Approximate estimate
   • ii) Revised estimate
   • iii) Centre line method
   • iv) Capitalized value (Items i and ii belong to Chapter 3 and item iii belongs to Chapter 2.)
   [6] (2066 Bhadra, Q.2(b))
6. Write short notes on (any three):
   • i) Contingency
   • ii) Bill of quantities
   • iii) Distress value
   • iv) Depreciation (Items i and ii also belong to Chapter 3.)
   [3×2] (2065 Shrawan, Q.2(b))
7. Write short note on: Scrap Value and Salvage value. [short note] (CM 2075 Bhadra, Q.8(d))

7.3 Factors affecting the value of the property 1 Q

1. What are the factors which should be kept in mind while evaluating fair and reasonable value of the property? The factors affecting the value of a property are also asked in Q3(a) [CM 2078 Chaitra], Q6 [CM 2070 Magh] and Q8(a) [CM 2073 Magh] of the previous sections. [4] (2068 Baishakh, Q.4(a))

7.4 Methods of valuation of properties 17 Q

1. Discuss the various methods of valuation of the property. [4] (2068 Baishakh, Q.4(b))
2. Mention various method of valuation and under what circumstances each one is prepared? [5] (2065 Shrawan, Q.4(a))
3. What is valuation? Write different methods of valuation. [6] (CM 2074 Bhadra, Q.7(a))
4. Write various methods of valuation of properties and elaborate concept of depreciations. [equal marks] (CM 2072 Ashwin, Q.7(b))
5. Explain the various methods of valuation of the properties. [5] (CM 2071 Magh, Q.7(b))
6. • a) Explain the situation where the following method of valuation will be used:
     • (i) Cost based method
     • (ii) Plinth area method
     • (iii) Development method
   • b) Work out the valuation of a Cinema hall with the following data:
     • (i) Cost of land = Rs. 15,00,000
     • (ii) Gross income = Rs. 90,00,000
     • (iii) Expenses undergone per year to run the cinema including staff salary, electricity charges, municipal taxes, stationery and printing etc. = 30% of gross income
     • (iv) Repair and maintenance of machinery, plant and equipment at 5% of their capital cost, which is Rs. 55,00,000
     • (v) Sinking fund for machinery, plant and equipment whose life is estimated as 25 years at 5% after allowing 10% scrap value
     • (vi) Insurance premium is Rs. 60,000 per annum Assume year’s purchase for 60 years at 8% and redemption of capital at 4% and repair of hall at 2% of gross income. Numerical Problems
   [3+5] (CM 2070 Bhadra, Q.4)
7. Workout the valuation of a cold storage with the following data:
   • i) Cost of land = Rs. 20,00,000.00
   • ii) Gross income per year = Rs. 95,00,000.00
   • iii) Staff salary, electricity charges at 25% of gross income
   • iv) Repair and maintenance of machinery, plants, equipments etc. at 5% of their capital cost, which is Rs. 15,00,000.00
   • v) Sinking fund for machinery, plants etc. with 25 yrs life at the rate of 4% after allowing 10% scrap value
   • vi) Insurance premium per year Rs. 15,000.00 Assume year’s purchase for 60 yrs at 8% and redemption of capital at 4%.
   [8] (2068 Baishakh, Q.4(c))
8. A town planning authority has to acquire an area of 500000 m² for the development of new colony. After developing the area it is proposed to be sold at Rs. 50.00 per m². Workout the maximum compensation which can be given to the owners whose land is to be acquired for the development of the colony, assuming:
   • (i) Authority establishment charges 15% on the sale price
   • (ii) 40% area provided for roads, parks etc.
   • (iii) Colony improvement expenditure Rs. 8.00 per m²
   • (iv) Engineers and architect’s fee for surveying and planning the colony at 4% on the sale price
   [8] (2074 Ashwin, Q.5(a))
9. A town planning authority has to acquire an area of 4,50,000 m² for the development of a new colony. After developing the area, it is proposed to be sold at Rs. 40.00 per m². Work out the maximum compensation which shall be given to the land owners, assuming:
   • i) Town planning authority’s establishment charges @ 15% on the sale price
   • ii) 35% area provided for roads, parks and other public amenities
   • iii) Colony improvement expenditure @ Rs. 6.00 per m²
   • iv) Engineer’s and Architect’s fee for surveying and planning the colony @ 4% on the sale of plots
   [7] (2067 Ashadh, Q.4(c))
10. A building is situated in a town on a land measuring 600 m². The area of the built up portion is 20 m × 15 m. The building is provided with water supply, sanitary and electrical fittings and is of very sound construction and the life of which may be assumed as 100 yrs. Work out the valuation of the property, if the age of the building is 30 yrs. The prevailing plinth area rate is Rs. 15000.00 per m² and value of land is Rs. 500.00 per m². [10] (2067 Poush, Q.3(b))
11. A 4 storey building has just completed at a cost of Rs. 40,00,000. The building is constructed on a plot of 19 aana purchased for Rs. 25,00,000 in 2060. The prevailing rate of plots in the locality is Rs. 32,00,000 per ropani. Work out the standard rent per floor per month assuming the following outgoings:
    • i) Municipal tax 25% of ratable value
    • ii) Collection and management charge @ 3% of gross rent
    • iii) Repairs at 1% on 9/10th cost of construction
    • iv) Sinking fund @ 5% for 65 years on 90% cost of construction
    • v) Miscellaneous expenses @ Rs. 500 per month
    [10] (2066 Bhadra, Q.4(b))
12. A 4 story building having a cubic content of 400 m³ was constructed 25 yrs ago on a freehold land measuring 500 m². The building fetches a rent of Rs. 25,000.00 per month. What amount will you recommend for advancing a loan to the owner against mortgage if the rate of land in that area is Rs. 2000.00 per m²? Assume the following outgoings:
    • i) Municipal and property taxes @ 30% of gross rent
    • ii) Collection and management charges @ 3% of the gross rent
    • iii) Repairs and maintenance @ 8% of gross rent Assume the future life to be 65 yrs, rate of interest as 8% and for redemption of capital 4%.
    [10] (2065 Shrawan, Q.4(b))
13. An office building having a plinth area of 5000 sq. ft. was constructed at the cost of Rs. 4,000.00 per sq. ft. The building is two storey RCC structure on a 6 aana plot. The Government rate of land is Rs. 10,00,000 per aana and commercial rate of land is 40,00,000 per aana. The office building is given on a monthly rental of Rs. 50,000. Life of the structure may be taken as 70 years. Calculate maximum loan that can be sanctioned from a bank which provides loan amount equivalent to 40% of valuated amount. The bank policy for land valuation is to take 70% of commercial rate and 30% of government rate. The annual expenses of the building are 30% of gross income, prevailing interest rate is 10% and rate of capital redemption is 5%. [6] (CM 2081 Chaitra, Q.8)
14. A freehold property consisting of RCC building having a total area of 500 m² constructed 10 years ago is proposed to be purchased by Mr. Thapa. The present market rate of construction for similar type of building is Rs. 45,000/m². The total area of land is 500 m². The commercial market rate (CMR) of this land is Rs. 1,00,000/m². The government registration rate (GRR) for this land is Rs. 30,000/m². Use 60:40 proportion for determining cost of land. Assume life of building to be 70 years and scrap value as 10%. Advise Mr. Thapa as to what cost he should purchase the property. Use Plinth area method of valuation and straight line method of depreciation. [6] (CM 2080 Chaitra, Q.12)
15. A building having a cubic of 1600 m³ was constructed 14 years ago on a free hold land measuring 900 m². The building fetched a rent of Rs. 12300 per month. What amount will you recommend for advancing a loan on a property against the Mortgage, if the rate of land in that area is Rs. 800 per sq. meter? The building has following expenditure headings:
    • Insurance premium Rs. 6700 per annum
    • Repair and maintenance 7% of gross rent
    • Taxes 27% of gross rent
    • Management collection charges 5% of gross rent
    [7] (CM 2079 Chaitra, Q.13)
16. Calculate the value of a building built 20 years ago having plinth area 500 sqm, constructed in the land of 1000 sqm. Current market value of the land is Rs. 25,000 per sqm and rate of building is Rs. 50,000 per sqm. Assume suitable data if necessary. [6] (CM 2075 Bhadra, Q.6(b))
17. Calculate the value of a building built 10 years ago having a plinth area of 450 sqm, constructed in the land of 1000 sqm. Current market value of land is Rs. 15,000 per sqm and rate of building is Rs. 30,000 per sqm. Assume suitable data if necessary. [8] (CM 2071 Bhadra, Q.13)

7.5 Valuation report and its components 2 Q

1. Mention the various data you will need to collect as a valuator for land valuation. [4] (2067 Ashadh, Q.4(b))
2. You have been asked to prepare a valuation report of land for a security of loan. Describe various data which you will collect as a valuation. [5] (2066 Bhadra, Q.4(a))

Chapter 8 — Specification8 marks

8.1 Purpose of specifications 2 Q

1. State the purpose of specification and write the techniques of specification writing. [equal marks] (CM 2072 Ashwin, Q.7(a))
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.4.
2. Explain the roles of specifications in any construction project. What are the principles of writing technical specification for construction works? [3+3] (CM 2079 Chaitra, Q.12)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.4.

8.2 Types of specifications 5 Q

1. Define specification and explain its types. Discuss on techniques of writing specification. [2+3] (CM 2082 Chaitra, Q.12)
   The last part of this question also belongs to Section 8.4.
2. Define specification and explain its types. Discuss on techniques of writing specification. [4+4] (CM 2078 Chaitra, Q.10)
   The last part of this question also belongs to Section 8.4.
3. Define and differentiate between general and detailed specification. Write a detailed specification of cement plaster of 1:4 in brick wall. [2+4] (CM 2077 Chaitra, Q.7)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.5.
4. What are different types of specification you are aware of? Write the importance of specification. [6] (CM 2074 Bhadra, Q.6(a))
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.3.
5. Differentiate between general and detailed specification. Write detailed specification for brick work in 1:4 cement sand mortar. [2+7] (CM 2070 Magh, Q.12)
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.5.

8.3 Importance of specifications 6 Q

1. Why specification is important in construction contracts? Write down the major techniques that you follow for writing specification. [2+3] (CM 2075 Bhadra, Q.4(b))
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.4.
2. Discuss the types of specification. What are the importance of specification and discuss different elements used in writing a detailed specification? [equal marks] (CM 2074 Magh, Q.7(b))
   The first part also belongs to Section 8.2 and the last part to Section 8.4.
3. Explain importance of specification and valuation. What are the different methods of working out the valuation of property? [equal marks] (CM 2074 Magh, Q.8(a))
   The valuation parts of this question belong to Chapter 7.
4. Why specification is important in construction contracts? Write down the specification for stone masonry work in 1:6 mortar. [2+4] (CM 2073 Bhadra, Q.6(a))
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.5.
5. Explain the importance of specification with types of specification. [5] (CM 2071 Magh, Q.7(a))
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.2.
6. • a) Explain the importance of specifications in construction works.
   • b) Write a note on the art and science of writing specifications covering the following aspects:
     • (i) Necessity of specification
     • (ii) Procedure of drafting
     • (iii) What to write and what to avoid in writing
   [4+6] (CM 2070 Bhadra, Q.3)
   Part b of this question also belongs to Section 8.4.

8.4 Methods of writing specifications 2 Q

1. Write method of writing specifications and prepare detailed specification for earthwork in excavation in sandy soil for isolated footing of multi-storey building. [2+5] (CM 2081 Chaitra, Q.7(b))
   The second part of this question also belongs to Section 8.5.
2. • a) Explain the importance of specification in construction work. Write down the main techniques that you follow for writing specification.
   • b) Write detailed specification of:
     • i) RCC with M20 concrete in column
     • ii) Brick work in 1:6 cement sand mortar (The first half of part a also belongs to Section 8.3 and part b to Section 8.5.) This is the most frequently examined point of the whole chapter. The techniques / methods / principles of writing specification are also asked in Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q8, Q9 and Q13(b) of the previous sections.
   [4+4+4+4] (CM 2069 Bhadra, Q.1)

8.5 Detail specifications (site works; structural works; finishing works) 3 Q

1. Write detailed specification of First Class Brick work with (1:6) cement sand mortar. [2+6] (CM 2080 Chaitra, Q.11)
2. Discuss the importance of specification in construction work. Write down detailed specification for cement sand mortar 1:6. [6] (CM 2073 Magh, Q.3(a))
   The first part of this question also belongs to Section 8.3.
3. Explain the importance of specification. Write a detailed specification of brick work in cement sand mortar. (The first part of this question also belongs to Section 8.3.) Items for which a detailed specification has actually been asked Item of work Category Asked in Earthwork in excavation in sandy soil for isolated footing Site works CM 2081 Chaitra — Q.14 above First class brick work in (1:6) cement sand mortar Structural works CM 2080 Chaitra — Q.16 above Brick work in 1:4 cement sand mortar Structural works CM 2070 Magh — Q.7 above Brick work in cement sand mortar Structural works CM 2071 Bhadra — Q.18 above Brick work in 1:6 cement sand mortar Structural works CM 2069 Bhadra — Q.15 above RCC with M20 concrete in column Structural works CM 2069 Bhadra — Q.15 above Stone masonry work in 1:6 mortar Structural works CM 2073 Bhadra — Q.11 above Cement sand mortar 1:6 Structural works CM 2073 Magh — Q.17 above Cement plaster of 1:4 in brick wall Finishing works CM 2077 Chaitra — Q.5 above Additional expected questions The remaining items named in syllabus point 8.5 have not yet been asked in any paper. Prepare them from the prescribed references (Chakraborti; Dutta & Dutta; Birdie; prevailing Nepal building codes and by-laws): E1. Write the detailed specification for the following site works: site clearance, earthwork in excavation for foundation, backfilling and anti-termite treatment. E2. Write the detailed specification for the following structural works: plain cement concrete, formwork, steel reinforcement and random rubble stone masonry. E3. Write the detailed specification for the following finishing works: cement punning, pointing, flooring, painting and distempering, and door and window frames and shutters. E4. How does the specification of an item of work affect its analysis of rate and its entry in the bill of quantities? Explain with an example. (Links Chapter 8 with Chapters 3 and 6.) [3+5] (CM 2071 Bhadra, Q.12)