2.1 PROFESSION: DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS 2082 2081 2080 2078 2077 2076 2075 2074 2073 2072 2071 2070 2069
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS:
- Write short notes on Etiquette, Moral, Law, and Ethics. [4] (2082 Baisakh)
- Define the term professionalism and discuss its key characteristics. [4] (2081 Reg)
- Explain the perception of general public towards Engineer and their professional works in the context of Nepal. [2] (2081 Shrawan, Q2a)
- Define profession. [1] (2080 Chaitra, Q2a)
- Define Profession. Explain the features of profession briefly. [4] (2078 Kartik, Q2a)
- Define Professional ethics. Why do Engineers behave unethically? Explain the role of Nepal Engineering Council to control the immoral act of engineers in Nepal. [1+1+2] (2078 Kartik, Q3a)
- Define profession. [1] (2077 Chaitra, Q2a)
- Define profession. Illustrate elements of profession. [4] (2076 Bhadra, Q2)
- How do you define a Profession? What are the principles of engineering profession? [8] (2075 Bhadra, Q2)
- Explain engineering morals, ethics and professionalism. [8] (2074 Magh, Q2)
- What do you mean by Profession? Explain its characteristics. [4] (2073 Bhadra, Q2a)
- Write down the fundamental characteristics of profession. [Part of 4] (2073 Magh, Q2a)
- What is profession? [Part of 8] (2072 Ashwin, Q2)
- Define Profession. Illustrate the characteristics of a Profession. [5] (2071 Magh, Q2a)
- What is a profession? [Part of 5] (2070 Magh, Q2a)
- How do you describe engineering profession? Explain the significant features of profession. [2+3] (2069 Bhadra, Q2a)
- Write short notes on: Impact of engineering profession. [2.5] (2069 Bhadra, Q5a)
- What are Factors affecting the morale of a professional engineer? Describe in brief to justify and satisfy yourself in the context of Nepal, to have and maintain the professional and moral ethics. [2+3] (2069 Bhadra, Q2b)
Definition of Profession 2080 2078 2077 2076 2075 2073 2072 2071 2070
- A profession is an occupation that requires specialized knowledge and skill acquired through systematic training or education.
- It provides specialized services to individuals, organizations, or communities in areas they cannot perform themselves.
- Engineering Council Act 2055 defines engineering profession as the occupation done by engineers — persons having a graduate degree in engineering from an institute recognized by the Council.
Characteristics / Features of Profession 207820732081
- Systematic Knowledge and Skill: Based on comprehensive study and practical training (e.g., 4 years of engineering education). Professionals deliver services based on this acquired expertise.
- Authenticity and Honor: Professionals possess special knowledge, hence society grants them special rights and honor. An engineer certifies safety designs — people trust what they cannot verify themselves.
- Public Property and Public Evaluation: Professional activities are always subject to public scrutiny. People observe and evaluate a professional’s behavior and practice.
- Bound by Code of Ethics: Professionals are regulated by professional bodies through licensing, codes of ethics, and disciplinary procedures. They must maintain high moral and behavioral standards.
- Professional Culture: Each profession develops its own culture through socialization, the nature of the work, and code of ethics. Members of the same profession share common behavioral patterns.
Professionalism 2081
- Professionalism is the conduct, behavior, and attitude expected of a professional in the practice of their occupation.
- It involves competence, integrity, accountability, ethical conduct, and adherence to professional standards.
- A true professional maintains discipline, honesty, continuous learning, and respect for fellow practitioners.
Key Distinctions: Etiquette, Moral, Law, and Ethics 2082
| Concept | Definition |
|---|---|
| Etiquette | Conventional rules of polite behavior in society or among professionals |
| Moral | Personal principles of right and wrong based on individual conscience, culture, and religion; internal and usually consistent |
| Law | Rules established by authority and enforced by the state; violation leads to legal punishment |
| Ethics | Set of guidelines defining accepted practice and behavior for a group/profession; external, can change with context |
Factors Affecting Morale of Professionals 2076 2069
- Inadequate salary — pushes professionals toward unethical means
- Defective social norms/values — money valued over dignity of labor
- Low morale of the self
- Non-implementation of rules and regulations
- Lack of political commitment
Perception of General Public Towards Engineers in Nepal 2081
Positive Perceptions:
- Engineers are seen as educated and skilled professionals capable of building infrastructure
- Respected for their role in national development — roads, bridges, hydropower, buildings
- Viewed as problem solvers who improve quality of life
- Associated with modernization and technological advancement
- Government engineering positions (Gazetted officers) carry social prestige
Negative Perceptions:
- Perceived as involved in corruption — commission-taking in construction projects, inflated bills
- Buildings/roads that fail quickly damage public trust (“road built today, destroyed tomorrow”)
- Seen as prioritizing personal profit over public safety (especially in government projects)
- Lack of visible accountability when structures fail (e.g., post-earthquake 2015 building collapses)
- Public feels engineers and contractors are often in collusion
- Low awareness among public about engineering vs. non-engineering work — often confused with contractors/masons
How to improve: Maintain ethical practice, deliver quality work, ensure public safety, be transparent, and participate in community development.
Why Do Engineers Behave Unethically? 2078
- Financial Pressure / Greed: Desire for quick money through commission-taking, inflated estimates, or substandard materials
- Pressure from Superiors / Employers: Forced to cut costs, compromise safety, or approve substandard work to meet deadlines or budgets
- Political Interference: Pressure from politicians to award contracts to favored parties or approve illegal constructions
- Lack of Enforcement: Weak regulatory bodies — NEC and government agencies do not effectively monitor or punish violations
- Peer Pressure / Culture of Corruption: “Everyone does it” mentality; ethical engineers are isolated or sidelined
- Inadequate Salary: Low government salaries push engineers toward unethical means to supplement income
- Ignorance: Some engineers are genuinely unaware of ethical codes and professional standards
- Lack of Professional Education: Engineering curriculum historically focused on technical skills, not ethics and professionalism
- Absence of Whistleblower Protection: Fear of retaliation prevents engineers from reporting unethical behavior
- Social Norms: In some communities, corruption is normalized and even expected
Professional Engineering 2069
- The act of designing, composing, evaluating, advising, reporting, and supervising
- Safeguarding of life, health, property, and public welfare
- Application of engineering principles (distinct from natural science practice)
Qualities of Engineers 2081
- Knowledge of technology
- Social understanding
- Economic realities awareness
- Legal awareness
- Environmental skills
- Management capability
- Leadership and innovation
Actions Neither Moral Nor Immoral 2074
- Natural calamities
- Animal actions
- Actions of children / mentally unsound / intoxicated persons
- Actions under compulsion
Q: Define Profession. Explain the features/characteristics of profession.
Ans: A profession is an occupation requiring specialized knowledge and skill acquired through systematic training, used to provide specialized services to the community. Its features are: (1) Systematic knowledge — based on comprehensive study and practice, (2) Authenticity and honor — society grants special rights due to specialized expertise, (3) Public evaluation — professional conduct is always subject to public scrutiny, (4) Code of ethics — regulated by professional bodies through licensing and ethical codes, and (5) Professional culture — shared behavioral patterns among members of the same profession.
Q: Explain engineering morals, ethics and professionalism.
Ans: Engineering morals are personal principles of right and wrong that guide individual engineers — based on conscience, culture, and upbringing, they are internal standards free from external influence (e.g., refusing to certify unsafe structures on personal conviction).
Engineering ethics is the study of moral values, issues, and decisions involved in engineering practice. It comprises external guidelines and codes defining accepted behavior for engineers, set by professional bodies. Core ethical values include honesty, integrity, fidelity, charity, responsibility, and self-discipline.
Engineering professionalism is the overall conduct, attitude, and competence expected from practicing engineers. It includes systematic knowledge through education, public accountability, adherence to codes of ethics, and maintaining professional culture. A professional engineer holds public safety paramount, works within areas of competence, acts as a faithful agent, and conducts work with honor and integrity.
Together, these three concepts ensure that engineers serve society responsibly — morals provide internal guidance, ethics provide external standards, and professionalism encompasses the holistic professional behavior expected.
Q: Define profession and professional association. Write down the objectives of professional association.
Ans: Profession is an occupation requiring specialized knowledge acquired through systematic training, aimed at providing expert services to the community. Professional association is an independent body that regulates the practice of a profession and governs its members through statutes, rules, and bylaws to serve and protect public interest.
Objectives of professional association:
- Establish, maintain, and develop standards of knowledge, skill, and qualification among members
- Establish and develop standards of professional ethics
- Promote public awareness of the role of the profession
- Regulate practice through licensing and disciplinary procedures
- Provide training, guidance, and continuing professional development
2.2 PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS (NEA / NEC) 2082 2080 2079 2078 2077 2076 2073 2072 2069
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS:
- List the roles and responsibilities of the main professional engineering institutions in Nepal. [4] (2082 Baisakh)
- Define professional association. Write down the objectives of professional association. [1+2] (2080 Chaitra, Q2a)
- How do NEA and NEC contribute to maintain the profession to remain ethical? [Part of 5] (2079 Chaitra, Q1b)
- Recently an engineer was assaulted publicly by some group of people in Terai, Nepal. Explain the role that Professional Associations should play so that such incidences does not repeat again. [4] (2078 Kartik, Q2b)
- Define professional association. Discuss the role of Nepal Engineers’ Association (NEA) for engineering professional development in Nepal. [1+2] (2077 Chaitra, Q2a)
- Write down the professional code of conduct issued by Nepal Engineering Council (NEC). Elaborate the professional benefit you will get from NEA. [4] (2076 Bhadra, Q8)
- Write short notes on: Nepal Engineers Association. [2] (2073 Bhadra, Q5d)
- Write short notes on: Professional institutions. [2] (2072 Ashwin, Q5c)
- Recently Nepal Engineer’s Association (NEA) celebrated its golden jubilee years 2069. Are you satisfied with role played by NEA in enhancing and upgrading engineering profession and welfare of the engineers till date or not? Justify your thoughts. [5] (2069 Bhadra, Q3a)
Professional Engineering Bodies
- An independent body that regulates the practice of professional engineering
- Governs members in accordance with statutes, rules, regulations, and bylaws to serve and protect public interest
- Examples in Nepal: NEA (Nepal Engineers’ Association), NEC (Nepal Engineering Council), SCAEF, SONA
Objectives of Professional Bodies
- Regulate practice of professional engineering
- Establish and maintain standards of knowledge, skill, and qualification
- Develop standards of professional ethics among members
- Promote public awareness of the profession’s role
- Provide licensing and registration
- Guide training for new entrants and advise engineering colleges
- Upgrade technical competence of members
- Ensure safety and welfare of the public in engineering works
Roles of Professional Bodies
- Regulation of practice and licensing
- Guidance for training and education — set norms, grant approvals, monitor quality
- Upgrade and monitor professional competence
- Provide technical expertise to legislators
- Ensure public safety and welfare
- Disciplinary procedures for unethical conduct
Nepal Engineering Council (NEC) 20822079
- Autonomous body formed under NEC Act 2055 (March 11, 1999 AD / 2055/11/27 BS)
- Regulates engineering profession effectively and scientifically
- Registers engineers in accordance with academic qualifications
- First Executive Council formed on Magh 2056 under chairmanship of Er. Ram Babu Sharma
Duties and Responsibilities of NEC
- Prepare policies, plans, and programs for smooth functioning of engineering profession
- Set norms and standards for engineering education in Nepal
- Grant permission/approval to engineering colleges meeting required standards
- Monitor and inspect quality of engineering education
- Fix qualifications necessary to practice engineering and register in Council
- Remove from registration those found violating code of ethics
NEC Jurisdiction
- Registration of engineers
- Accreditation of academic qualifications
- Recognition of academic institutions
- Professional code of conduct
NEC Registration Categories
| Category | Description |
|---|---|
| Category A | General Registered Engineer |
| Category B | Professional Engineer |
| Category C | Non-Nepali (Foreigner) Registered Engineer |
Registration Requirements: Application form, copies of academic certificates, registration fee, other relevant documents.
Nepal Engineers’ Association (NEA) 20772080
- Independent non-profit organization of Nepalese engineers established in 2025 BS (1968 AD)
- Represents 7500+ engineers; office at Pulchowk, Lalitpur
- Governed by an executive body of 15 elected members with 17 committees
- Member of World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)
- Established Federation of Engineering Institutes of South and Central Asia (FEISCA)
Objectives of NEA
- Facilitate proper development and mobilization of engineering science and technology in Nepal
- Promote mutual cooperation, interaction, and goodwill among Nepalese engineers
- Safeguard interests and rights of engineers
- Ensure maximum participation of engineers in national development; reduce foreign dependency
- Enhance professional ideals continuously among members
- Establish linkages and cooperation with international engineering institutions
Benefits of NEA Membership
- Professional: Maintain standards, internationally recognized qualifications, training, publications, conferences, arbitration services
- Personal: Networking, international recognition, career advice, media contact, award opportunities
Evaluation of NEA’s Role (Golden Jubilee Perspective) 2069
Q: Are you satisfied with the role played by NEA in enhancing and upgrading engineering profession and welfare of engineers?
Achievements / Positive Aspects:
- NEA has successfully united engineers under one professional body with 7500+ members across Nepal
- Established international linkages — member of World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) and FEIAP
- Organized numerous conferences, seminars, and workshops for professional development
- Played a role in lobbying and advocacy for engineering profession recognition
- Provided arbitration services to resolve professional disputes
- Published journals and technical publications contributing to engineering knowledge
Shortcomings / Areas of Dissatisfaction:
- Has not been able to effectively ensure fair compensation for engineers — many engineers remain underpaid in private sector
- Limited success in curbing corruption in engineering projects
- Could not effectively protect engineers from political interference and physical threats (e.g., Terai assault incident)
- Rural engineers and those outside Kathmandu valley receive limited benefits from NEA
- NEA has been criticized for being politicized — elections based on political affiliation rather than professional merit
- Has not pushed strongly enough for mandatory CPD (Continuing Professional Development)
- Limited role in quality monitoring of engineering works across Nepal
Verdict: While NEA has contributed to professional networking and international recognition, it has not fully succeeded in ensuring fair treatment, curbing corruption, or protecting engineers’ safety. More needs to be done in advocacy, enforcement, and reaching engineers beyond the capital.
NEA vs NEC — Key Differences 20802075
| Basis | NEA | NEC |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Non-profit professional association | Autonomous statutory/regulatory body |
| Established | 2025 BS (1968 AD) | 2055 BS (1999 AD) |
| Function | Promotes welfare, rights, professional development | Regulates profession, registration, licensing |
| Membership | Voluntary membership | Mandatory registration for practice |
| Focus | Cooperation, networking, advocacy | Quality control, standards, education monitoring |
| Governance | 15 elected members | Government-mandated council |
| Legal Basis | Association statute | NEC Act 2055 |
Disciplinary Process (Professional Bodies) 2078
- Gathering evidence of complaint
- Investigation of complaint
- Disciplinary hearing
- If innocent — complaint dismissed. If guilty — actions include:
- Further clarification required
- Suspension for specific period
- Complete cancellation of membership
- Subject to fine
- Re-examination or additional experience required
Q: List the roles and responsibilities of the main professional engineering institutions in Nepal that help you run your career smoothly.
Ans: The two main professional engineering institutions in Nepal are NEC and NEA.
Nepal Engineering Council (NEC): Regulates engineering profession under NEC Act 2055. It registers engineers by qualification category, sets norms and standards for engineering education, accredits academic institutions, monitors quality of education, and enforces professional code of conduct. It ensures only qualified engineers practice the profession.
Nepal Engineers’ Association (NEA): Promotes professional development and welfare of engineers. It facilitates development of engineering science and technology, promotes cooperation among engineers, safeguards professional rights, organizes conferences/seminars/workshops, provides networking opportunities, and acts as the voice of the engineering community nationally and internationally (member of WFEO).
Together, NEC ensures regulatory control and quality, while NEA provides professional support and advocacy.
Q: An engineer was assaulted publicly in Terai. Explain the role Professional Associations should play to prevent such incidents.
Ans:
- Advocacy and lobbying: Engage with government and law enforcement to ensure safety of professionals; push for strict legal action against perpetrators
- Awareness campaigns: Educate the public about the role and importance of engineers in development
- Legal support: Provide legal aid and representation to engineers facing threats or violence
- Safety protocols: Develop and enforce workplace safety guidelines for engineers working in remote or conflict-prone areas
- Unified voice: Use collective strength to demand government protection; coordinate with media
- Insurance and welfare: Provide professional indemnity and personal safety insurance to members
- Community dialogue: Establish community engagement mechanisms to resolve local grievances before they escalate
2.3 RELATION WITH CLIENT, CONTRACTOR, AND FELLOW ENGINEERS 2072
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS:
- What do you understand by professional practice? Describe the relation of engineer with client, contractor and fellow engineers. [10] (2072 Magh, Q2)
Code of Ethics Adopted by NEA (Since 2025 BS)
Fundamental Principles:
- Upholding and advancing the engineering profession
- Keeping high standards of ethical conduct
Core Qualities:
- Honest and fair service to employer, clients, and public
- Dedicated to advancement of engineering profession and dissemination of engineering knowledge
- Use knowledge and skill in the service of humanity
Relation with Public
- Have proper regard for health, safety, and welfare of public in performing professional duties
- Extend public knowledge and appreciation of engineering; oppose untrue/exaggerated statements
- Be dignified and modest in explaining work and merit; refrain from self-laudatory advertisement
- Express opinions on engineering subjects only when qualified
Relation with Employers and Clients 2072
- Act as faithful agent or trustee
- Not accept compensation from more than one party for the same service without consent
- Disclose financial interest in any vendor or contractor
- Indicate adverse consequences if professional judgment is overruled
- Undertake only assignments for which qualified
- Not disclose confidential business or technical information
- Not divulge confidential findings of studies or commissions
- Not exert undue influence or accept improper compensation for negotiations
Relation with Fellow Engineers 2072
- Give proper credit for engineering work to those directly responsible
- Provide complete information on working conditions and employment status
- Uphold appropriate and adequate compensation for those in engineering work
- Provide opportunity for professional development of engineers under supervision
- Not attempt to injure professional reputation of other engineers falsely or maliciously
- If proof exists of unethical/illegal practice by another engineer, advise them to follow proper authority
- Not use salaried position to compete unfairly with other engineers
- Not attempt to supplant (replace) another engineer in a particular engagement
- Not review work of another engineer for the same client without knowledge of that engineer
- Cooperate in advancing the profession through information exchange and public communication
Relation with Contractor 2072
- Maintain fair and impartial dealings; do not show favoritism
- Give clear instructions regarding specifications, plans, and standards
- Monitor work quality and compliance with agreed terms
- Be transparent and honest in all communications
- Resolve disputes fairly and professionally
- Not accept hidden payments or inducements from contractors
Relation of Engineering to Other Professions
Engineering projects involve large funds and public stakeholders. Therefore, engineering profession is closely related to:
- Accountants — keeping financial records and expenditure management
- Lawyers — executing works within legal sphere
- Medical professionals — keeping project personnel safe and healthy
- Managers — maintaining stakeholder relationships and conflict resolution
Q: What do you understand by professional practice? Describe the relation of engineer with client, contractor, and fellow engineers.
Ans: Professional practice is the systematic application of specialized knowledge, skills, and ethical standards acquired through formal education and training in the course of performing professional work as an occupation.
Relation with Clients: Act as faithful agent or trustee; undertake only assignments for which qualified; not accept compensation from more than one party without consent; disclose financial interests in vendors or contractors; indicate adverse consequences when professional judgment is overruled; maintain confidentiality; not exert undue influence.
Relation with Contractors: Maintain fair and impartial dealings; give clear instructions regarding specifications, plans, and standards; monitor work quality and compliance; be transparent and honest; resolve disputes fairly; not accept hidden payments or inducements.
Relation with Fellow Engineers: Give proper credit for engineering work; provide complete information on working conditions; uphold appropriate compensation; provide opportunity for professional development; not injure professional reputation falsely; if aware of unethical practice, advise the engineer to follow proper authority; not use salaried position to compete unfairly; not review another engineer’s work without their knowledge; cooperate in advancing the profession.
2.4 ETHICS, CODE OF ETHICS, AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2082 2081 2079 2078 2077 2076 2074 2073 2072 2071 2070
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS:
- Discuss ethical considerations related to extensive use of AI in engineering. [4] (2082 Baisakh)
- Define moral and immoral actions. [2] (2081 Shrawan, Q2a)
- Why is ethics and moral necessary in engineering profession? [4] (2079 Jestha, Q2)
- What is meant by moral and ethics? [Part of 5] (2079 Chaitra, Q1b)
- What do you understand by the term Ethics? [Part of 4] (2078 Chaitra, Q2a)
- Why is it necessary for a professional to follow code of conducts? [Part of 4] (2078 Chaitra, Q2a)
- Define ethics. [2] (2077 Chaitra, Q2b)
- What are the factors which can affects your moral while practicing your profession. What are the core ethical values to prepare code of ethics. [4] (2076 Bhadra, Q6)
- Define Ethics. What is moral and non-moral action? [Part of 5] (2074 Bhadra, Q2b)
- Write briefly the perspectives of Professional ethics. [Part of 5] (2074 Bhadra, Q2b)
- What is ethics? Write in short the code of ethics for engineering profession. [Part of 4] (2073 Bhadra, Q2b)
- List out the core ethical values to develop code of conduct for professionals. [Part of 4] (2073 Magh)
- Describe the code of ethics for engineers. [Part of 8] (2072 Ashwin, Q2)
- How do you differentiate professional ethics with moral behavior? [Part of 4] (2071 Magh, Q2b)
- What are the codes of ethics for engineers according to Nepal Engineering Council? [4] (2071 Bhadra, Q2b)
- Write down the code of conduct to be followed by Engineers? [Part of 5] (2070 Magh, Q2a)
- What do you understand by ethics? [Part of 5] (2070 Bhadra, Q2a)
- Why are code of conducts required for professionals? [Part of 5] (2070 Bhadra, Q2a)
For engineering morals, ethics & professionalism (2074 Magh Q2), and unethical behavior of engineers (2078 Kartik Q3a), see Section 2.1.
Ethics — Definition 2081 2079 2078 2077 2073 2070
- Ethics is the science of human character as expressed in right or wrong conduct — the science of morality.
- A set of guidelines that define accepted practice and behavior for a group of people or society.
- Ethics can change according to nation, society, peer group, religion, or profession.
- It is not just doing the right thing — it includes making tough decisions about ambiguous situations.
- Things that are legal may not be ethical.
- Ethics are externally derived (from profession, society), whereas morals are internally held.
Moral — Definition 2081 2079 2074
- Concerned with goodness and badness of human character
- Measures standard of good behavior by which people are judged
- Standards of behavior accepted by culture and religion of society
- Basic human marker of right conduct; deeper level, both personal and spiritual
- Usually do not change; defines personal character at a subliminal level
Ethics vs Morals 2079 2081
| Basis | Ethics | Morals |
|---|---|---|
| Source | External — social system, profession | Internal — individual conscience |
| What is it? | Rules of conduct for a group/profession | Principles of right/wrong for individuals |
| Why follow? | Because society says it’s right | Because we believe it’s right |
| If violated? | Peer/societal disapproval, job loss | Guilt, remorse, discomfort |
| Flexibility | Can vary between contexts | Usually consistent |
Code of Ethics 2073 2072 2070
- Expresses the rights, duties, and obligations of members of a profession
- Provides a framework for ethical judgment
Limitations:
- Not a recipe for ethical behavior
- Not a legal code — one cannot be arrested for disobeying it
- Only deals with choices
- Provides little space for fighting employer’s unethical requests
Engineering Ethics 2074 2071
- The study of moral values, issues, and decisions involved in engineering practice
- Engineers must study ethics to get sensitized to ethical issues before facing professional problems
Summary of Engineering Code of Ethics
- Provides positive stimulus for ethical conduct with fundamental canons/norms
- Gives positive support when under pressure to act unethically
- Serves as legal support for professionals
- Serves as formal basis for investigating unethical conduct
- Governs conduct ensuring engineers practice within their expertise, fairly and ethically
- Places good of society above personal gain
Core Ethical Values 2076 2073
Core Concepts in Engineering Codes (in order of significance)
- The public interest
- Qualities of truth, honesty, and fairness
- Professional performance
Fundamental Canons (NSPE, 1977) 2073
- Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public
- Perform services only in areas of competence
- Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner
- Act as faithful agents or trustees for employers and clients
- Avoid deceptive acts
- Conduct honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully
Professional Code of Conduct — NEC Act 2055 20712072
- Discipline and honesty — professional conduct with dignity
- Politeness and secrecy — polite dealing; maintain confidentiality of client information
- Non-discrimination — no bias based on religion, race, sex, caste
- Work within competence — only in one’s area of knowledge and skill
- No harm to profession — avoid improper financial benefit or conduct
- Personal responsibility — individually accountable for all professional work
- State credentials — name, designation, and registration number on documents
- No misleading publicity — no unnecessary or deceptive advertisements
Fundamental Ethical Values (General)
- Protection of life and safeguarding people
- Sustainable management and care for the environment
- Community well-being
- Professionalism, integrity, and competence
- Sustaining engineering knowledge
Limitations of Engineering Codes 2078 2070
- Not straightforwardly applicable to all situations
- Different entries can conflict, creating moral dilemmas
- Cannot serve as the final moral authority for professional conduct
Q: What do you understand by the term Ethics? Why is it necessary for a professional to follow code of conduct?
Ans: Ethics is a set of guidelines that define accepted practice and behavior for a group of people or profession. It is the science of morality — distinguishing right from wrong in human conduct.
Necessity of following code of conduct:
- Ensures professionals maintain high standards of behavior and integrity
- Protects public interest, safety, health, and welfare
- Builds public trust and confidence in the profession
- Provides a framework for resolving ethical conflicts and making moral decisions
- Prevents exploitation, malpractice, and corruption
- Serves as legal support and basis for investigating unethical conduct
- Promotes uniformity and accountability across the profession
Q: Discuss the ethical considerations related to the extensive use of AI in the engineering field.
Ans:
- Safety and reliability: AI-based designs must be verified for safety; blind reliance without human validation can endanger public welfare
- Accountability: When AI-generated designs fail, determining liability (developer, engineer, or AI itself) becomes ambiguous
- Bias and fairness: AI trained on biased data can produce discriminatory outcomes in infrastructure planning
- Job displacement: Automation may replace skilled engineering jobs, raising concerns about livelihood
- Transparency: AI “black box” decision-making lacks transparency, conflicting with the requirement for engineers to justify decisions
- Data privacy: AI systems require large datasets, raising concerns about privacy and confidentiality
- Professional competence: Over-reliance on AI may erode engineers’ core skills and judgment
Q: Define Ethics. What is moral and non-moral action? Write briefly the perspectives of Professional ethics.
Ans: Ethics is the science of morality — a set of guidelines defining accepted behavior for a group, governing right and wrong in human conduct.
Moral actions are conscious, deliberate actions guided by principles of right and wrong (e.g., reporting safety hazards). Non-moral actions are those that fall outside moral judgment — natural calamities, animal actions, children’s actions, actions of mentally unsound persons, and actions under compulsion.
Perspectives of professional ethics:
- Public interest — professionals must prioritize public safety, health, and welfare above all
- Truth and honesty — maintain integrity and fairness in all professional dealings
- Professional performance — deliver competent services within one’s area of expertise
- Faithful service — act as trustworthy agents for employers and clients
- Self-regulation — governed by professional codes and standards, not just legal requirements
2.5 MORAL DILEMMA AND ETHICAL DECISION MAKING 2081 2080 2079 2071 2070
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS:
- What are the secular systems or methods of making ethical proper and good decisions? [1] (2081 Shrawan, Q2b)
- Explain moral dilemma with examples. Write down and explain priority while making ethical decision briefly. [0.5+3] (2080 Chaitra, Q2b)
- Write and explain the bases of making ethical decision. [6] (2079 Jestha, Q2)
- Write short notes on: Conflict of interest in profession. [5] (2079 Chaitra, Q5c)
- How does a moral dilemma occur? What are the bases to solve moral dilemma? [4] (2071 Bhadra, Q2a)
- Define moral dilemma. What are fundamental laws of ethics to overcome moral dilemma? [4] (2071 Magh, Q1b)
- How do you mean by moral dilemma? Explain various ways to overcome dilemmas. [5] (2070 Magh, Q2b)
Dilemma 2080 2071 2070
- A situation requiring a choice between two equally unpleasant or undesirable alternatives
- A problem that seems incapable of a satisfactory solution
Moral Dilemma 208020712070
- A painful decision where every solution involves some kind of loss
- Whichever option is chosen, someone or something will suffer
- The decision must be made on the morally correct course of action, not just personal preference
Laws of Ethics for Overcoming Moral Dilemmas 20792071
- Eternal law: Based on nature and scriptures; common moral standards shared across cultures
- Utilitarianism: Greatest amount of benefit for the largest number of people
- Universalism: Act as if everyone faced with the same circumstances should do the same
- Distributive justice: Belief in the primacy of justice; fair distribution of benefits and burdens
- Personal liberty: Value of individual liberty as primary
Ethical Decision Making — Complexity
Ethical decisions in management and engineering have:
- Extended consequences: Decisions impact others beyond the decision-maker’s control (e.g., bribery changes governmental processes, pollution affects health)
- Multiple alternatives: Rarely a simple yes/no; many options must be evaluated
- Mixed outcomes: Social benefits/costs alongside financial benefits/costs (e.g., slightly unsafe product but reduced manufacturing cost)
- Uncertain consequences: Outcomes are not always predictable; risks and doubts exist
- Personal implications: Decisions affect the individual’s salary, promotion, and career prospects
Conflict of Interest in Profession 2079
Definition: A conflict of interest occurs when a professional’s personal interests (financial, familial, political) compete with or undermine their professional obligations and duties to clients, employers, or the public.
Types of Conflict of Interest in Engineering:
- Financial Conflict: An engineer who has shares in a construction company recommends that company for a project — personal financial gain conflicts with duty to select the best contractor
- Familial Conflict: Awarding contracts or jobs to relatives or friends regardless of qualification
- Professional Conflict: An engineer working for two competing firms simultaneously
- Client vs. Public Interest: Client wants to cut costs by reducing safety features, but the engineer’s duty is to protect public safety
- Employer vs. Professional Judgment: Employer pressures engineer to approve substandard work to save time/money
How to Handle Conflict of Interest:
- Disclosure: Declare the conflict openly to all concerned parties
- Recusal: Withdraw from decision-making where conflict exists
- Prioritize public safety: Always place public welfare above personal gain
- Follow code of ethics: Adhere to NEC and NSPE codes
- Seek advice: Consult professional bodies or ethics committees
- Document: Keep records of decisions and reasoning for transparency
Secular Methods of Ethical Decision Making 2081 2079
- Apply the five laws of ethics (eternal, utilitarianism, universalism, distributive justice, personal liberty)
- Weigh consequences for all stakeholders
- Consider long-term impact over short-term gain
- Follow established codes of ethics and professional standards
- Seek peer consultation and expert advice
- Maintain transparency and accountability
Q: Explain moral dilemma and vicarious liability with examples. Write down and explain priority while making ethical decisions.
Ans: Moral dilemma is a painful situation where every available option involves some loss, and the decision must be made on moral grounds. Example: An engineer discovers a bridge design flaw mid-construction. Stopping work delays the project and costs money, but continuing risks public safety.
Vicarious liability occurs when an employer is held liable for the tort committed by their employee in the course of employment. Example: If a junior engineer negligently calculates structural loads causing building damage, the employing firm is also vicariously liable.
Priority while making ethical decisions:
- Public safety and welfare — always the highest priority
- Utilitarianism — greatest benefit for the largest number
- Universalism — apply standards consistently across similar situations
- Distributive justice — ensure fair distribution of benefits and burdens
- Personal liberty — respect individual rights while balancing public good
Q: Why is ethics and moral necessary in engineering profession? Write and explain the bases of making ethical decision.
Ans: Engineers design and build infrastructure affecting public safety and welfare. Ethical conduct ensures public protection, prevents corruption and malpractice, builds trust, maintains professional standards, and ensures accountability. Without ethics and morals, engineering works can lead to unsafe structures, environmental damage, and public harm.
Bases of making ethical decisions:
- Eternal law: Based on nature and scriptures; common moral standards shared across cultures (e.g., do not harm others)
- Utilitarianism: Choose the option that provides the greatest benefit for the largest number of people
- Universalism: Act in a way that could be universally applied; if everyone in the same circumstances should do the same thing, then it is ethical
- Distributive justice: Decisions should be based on principles of fairness and justice; benefits and burdens should be distributed equitably
- Personal liberty: Decisions should respect individual freedom and rights; the value of liberty is primary
Each ethical decision has extended consequences, multiple alternatives, mixed outcomes, uncertain consequences, and personal implications, making ethical decision-making a complex process.
2.6 DETAILED DUTIES OF AN ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT 2074 2073 2070
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS:
- What are the duties and Liability of an Engineer and Architect? [5] (2074 Bhadra, Q1b)
- Write short notes on: Detailed duties and liabilities of an engineer and architect. [2] (2073 Bhadra, Q5c)
- What are the detailed duties of an engineer in the profession? [5] (2070 Bhadra, Q2b)
Duties and Responsibilities 20742070
- Fitness for purpose: Ensure designs and works are fit for their intended purpose and function reliably
- Negligent misstatement: Avoid providing incorrect professional advice, statements, or reports that could cause harm or financial loss
- Compliance with statutes, bylaws, and building regulations: Ensure all works comply with applicable laws and regulations
- Examination of site: Thoroughly investigate site conditions above and below ground level before commencing design or construction
- Public and private rights: Respect and protect public and private rights including land ownership, easements, and environmental concerns
- Plans, drawings, and specifications: Prepare accurate, complete, and clear technical documents
- Materials: Select and specify appropriate materials meeting required quality standards
- Novel, risky design and employer interference: Exercise professional judgment on untested designs; resist employer pressure to compromise on safety
- Revision of design: Update and revise designs when conditions change or errors are discovered
Key Professional Obligations
- Engineers must ensure their designs and works protect public safety above all
- They are personally responsible for documents they sign and certify
- Must work only within their area of competence
- Must resist pressure from employers or clients that compromises safety or ethical standards
- Must maintain up-to-date knowledge and continuously develop professionally
Q: What are the duties and liability of an Engineer and Architect?
Ans:
Duties:
- Fitness for purpose — ensure designs meet intended functional requirements
- Avoiding negligent misstatements — provide accurate professional advice and reports
- Legal compliance — follow all applicable statutes, bylaws, and building regulations
- Site examination — investigate site conditions thoroughly above and below ground
- Respecting rights — protect public and private rights in all projects
- Quality documentation — prepare accurate plans, drawings, and specifications
- Material selection — specify appropriate quality materials
- Professional judgment — exercise independent judgment on novel/risky designs
- Design revision — update designs when conditions change or errors are found
Liability:
- Personally liable for incorrect advice, design, or reports
- Liable under contract for works not meeting specifications
- Liable in tort for causing injury through negligence
- Liable under statute for violation of laws and regulations
- Vicariously liable for actions of subordinates under supervision
2.7 LIABILITY AND NEGLIGENCE 2081 2080 2079 2078 2077 2074 2073 2072 2071 2070 2069
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS:
- Define negligence, tort and liability. [3] (2081 Shrawan, Q2b)
- Explain vicarious liability with examples. [0.5] (2080 Chaitra, Q2b)
- Differentiate tort liabilities with vicarious liabilities. What are the conditions necessary to prove professional negligence in engineering practice? [4] (2079 Shrawan, Q2a)
- Write short notes on: Liability and Negligence. [4] (2078 Chaitra, Q5b)
- Explain negligence, tort and liability with examples. [2] (2077 Chaitra, Q2b)
- What do you understand by Negligence, Tort and Liability. What are the elements of Negligence. [5] (2074 Bhadra, Q2a)
- Define vicarious liability. [Part of 4] (2073 Magh, Q2a)
- Explain tort and liability. [Part of 8] (2072 Ashwin, Q2)
- Write short notes on: Liability and Negligence. [4] (2071 Magh, Q5c)
- What are liability and negligence? [Part of 5] (2070 Magh, Q2a)
- What kind of liability that engineers most suffer from? Explain. [5] (2070 Bhadra, Q3b)
- Explain tort. What are the reasons behind introducing tort law in the society? [1+1] (2069 Bhadra, Q4a)
Negligence 20742078
- When a person fails to meet the standard of behavior expected by law — acting in a way considered unreasonable — they may be guilty of negligence.
- Negligence = lack of proper care or attention
Elements of Negligence (Three Requirements for Plaintiff to Win) 2074
- Duty of care: The defendant had a legal obligation to behave in a certain way
- Breach of duty: The defendant failed to fulfill this obligation by acting inappropriately
- Resulting damage: The plaintiff’s injury/loss was caused because of the defendant’s breach
Once all three elements are established, the court may offer compensation.
Tort 20812074
- An action or inaction of one or more individuals that leads to loss or damage of another
- The court seeks to compensate those who suffer as a result
- Independent of any contract — it is a private/civil wrong (other than breach of contract)
Objectives of Tort Law
- Compensation to victim
- Transferring cost of injury from victim to the person responsible
- Prevention of repetition of harmful action
- Defending the law and rights of victim
Grounds for Tort Cases
- Negligence
- Intentional wrong
- Strict liability
Liability 20812078
- The obligation to pay penalty for fulfilling or not fulfilling predefined duties
- It is the consequence of negligence
- Professionals can be liable for incorrect advice, design, or reports
Types of Liability 2070
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Liability under contract | Works not meeting specified standards (e.g., foundation not as per specification) |
| Liability in tort | Causing injury to others through negligence and reckless action |
| Liability under statute | Violations in accordance with laws and statutes |
What Kind of Liability Do Engineers Most Suffer From? 2070
Engineers most commonly suffer from Liability in Tort (Negligence Liability).
Reasons:
- Nature of Work: Engineers design and supervise structures affecting public safety (buildings, bridges, roads). Any failure in design or supervision can cause injury/death, making them liable for negligence.
- Duty of Care: Engineers inherently owe a duty of care to the public, clients, and workers. Any breach — even unintentional — can result in tort liability.
- Third-Party Claims: Unlike contractual liability (limited to parties in the contract), tort liability extends to any person harmed by the engineer’s negligence, including the general public and workers.
- Professional Standard: Engineers are held to a higher standard of care (“reasonable professional” standard). Mistakes that a layperson might make without liability become actionable negligence for engineers.
- Common Scenarios:
- Structural design error leading to building collapse
- Inadequate site supervision causing construction accidents
- Faulty quantity survey leading to cost overruns
- Improper soil investigation leading to foundation failure
- Negligent certification of unsafe structures
Protection: Professional indemnity insurance, thorough documentation, peer review, and adherence to codes of practice.
Vicarious Liability 207320792080
- When an employer is held liable for a tort committed by their employee in the course of employment, even though the employer did not commit it personally
- Based on the principle that an employee acts as an agent of the employer
Liability of Partners in Tort
- All partners of a firm are liable for tort committed by any one partner in the ordinary course of business
- Arises on the basis of vicarious liability — each partner is an agent of co-partners
- If one partner cannot pay their share, others must cover the shortfall
Q: Write short notes on Tort and Liability.
Ans: Tort is an action or inaction by one or more individuals that causes loss or damage to another person. It is a private civil wrong, independent of any contract, for which the court provides compensation. The objectives of tort law are: compensation to victim, transferring cost of injury to the responsible person, prevention of harmful actions, and defending victim’s rights. Tort cases can be brought on grounds of negligence, intentional wrong, or strict liability.
Liability is the legal obligation to pay penalty for fulfilling or not fulfilling predefined professional duties. It is the consequence of negligence. Types include: (1) Liability under contract — works not meeting specifications, (2) Liability in tort — causing injury through negligence, and (3) Liability under statute — violating applicable laws. Professionals can be liable for incorrect advice, design, or reports.
Q: Differentiate tort liabilities and vicarious liabilities. What are the conditions necessary to prove professional negligence?
Ans: Tort liability arises when a person’s own action or inaction causes loss or damage to another — the person who committed the tort is directly liable. Vicarious liability arises when an employer is held liable for a tort committed by their employee in the course of employment, even though the employer did not personally commit the wrongful act. In tort liability, the wrongdoer is directly responsible; in vicarious liability, the responsibility extends to a third party (employer).
Conditions to prove professional negligence:
- Duty of care — the professional had a legal obligation to exercise reasonable care toward the plaintiff
- Breach of duty — the professional failed to meet the expected standard of care or acted inappropriately
- Resulting damage — the plaintiff suffered actual loss, injury, or damage as a direct consequence of the breach
Q: What do you understand by Negligence, Tort and Liability? What are the elements of Negligence?
Ans: Negligence is the failure to exercise proper care or attention that a reasonable person would in similar circumstances. When a person fails to meet the standard of behavior expected by law, they may be guilty of negligence.
Tort is an action or inaction causing loss or damage to another, independent of any contract. It is a private civil wrong for which the court provides compensation.
Liability is the legal obligation to compensate for harm caused. It is the consequence of negligence. Types: contractual liability, tort liability, and statutory liability.
Elements of Negligence:
- Duty of care — the defendant had a legal obligation to behave in a certain reasonable way
- Breach of duty — the defendant failed to fulfill this obligation by acting inappropriately
- Resulting damage — the plaintiff suffered injury, loss, or damage directly caused by the defendant’s breach of conduct
Q: Define ethics. Explain negligence, tort and liability with examples.
Ans: Ethics is a set of guidelines defining accepted practice and behavior for a group of people or profession — the science of distinguishing right from wrong in human conduct.
Negligence: Failure to exercise proper care or meet expected standards. Example: An engineer failing to check soil bearing capacity before designing a foundation, resulting in structural failure.
Tort: An action or inaction causing loss or damage to another, independent of any contract. Example: A defectively designed bridge collapses and injures passersby — the designer can be sued in tort.
Liability: Legal obligation to compensate for harm caused by fulfilling or not fulfilling professional duties. Example: An engineer who certifies a building as safe when it is not is liable for any resulting damage or injury.
SUMMARY TABLES
Important Topics and Weightage
| Topic | Importance | Marks Range |
|---|---|---|
| Code of Ethics (NEC/NSPE) | Very High | 4–8 |
| Definition of Profession & Characteristics | Very High | 4–8 |
| Negligence, Tort & Liability | Very High | 4–5 |
| Ethics vs Morals (Definitions) | High | 2–5 |
| NEA vs NEC (Differences, Roles) | High | 2–4 |
| Moral Dilemma & Ethical Decision Making | High | 4–5 |
| Professional Associations (Objectives, Roles) | Moderate | 2–4 |
| Duties of Engineer/Architect | Moderate | 5 |
| Relation with Client, Contractor, Fellow Engineers | Moderate | 4–10 |
| Vicarious Liability | Moderate | 1–4 |
| AI Ethics in Engineering | Low (New) | 4 |
Most Repeated Questions
| Question Theme | Years Asked | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| Define profession and its characteristics | 2071, 2073, 2075, 2078, 2080, 2081 | 4–8 |
| Code of ethics for engineers (NEC) | 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2078, 2079, 2081 | 4–8 |
| Define ethics; why are codes of conduct required? | 2070, 2073, 2074, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2082 | 4–5 |
| Negligence, tort and liability | 2071, 2072, 2074, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081 | 4–5 |
| NEA vs NEC (differentiate / roles) | 2075, 2077, 2078, 2080, 2082 | 2–4 |
| Moral dilemma and ethical decision making | 2070, 2071, 2079, 2080, 2081 | 4–6 |
| Duties of engineer/architect | 2070, 2074 | 5 |
| Morals, ethics, professionalism (explain) | 2074, 2079, 2081 | 4–8 |
| Vicarious liability | 2073, 2079, 2080 | 1–4 |
Key Points to Remember
- Profession = specialized occupation requiring systematic knowledge through formal training
- NEC = regulatory body (Act 2055, 1999 AD) — registers engineers, monitors education, enforces code of conduct
- NEA = professional association (1968 AD) — promotes welfare, development, networking — member of WFEO
- NEC registration categories: General (A), Professional (B), Non-Nepali (C)
- Ethics = external rules for a group; Morals = internal principles of an individual
- Code of Ethics (NEC): 8 points — discipline, politeness, non-discrimination, competence, no harm, personal responsibility, state credentials, no misleading publicity
- NSPE canons: 6 points — public safety, competence, truthfulness, faithfulness, avoid deception, honorable conduct
- Core ethical values: Honesty, Integrity, Fidelity, Charity, Responsibility, Self-Discipline
- Elements of negligence: Duty of care → Breach of duty → Resulting damage
- Tort = civil wrong independent of contract; Liability = consequence of negligence
- Vicarious liability = employer liable for employee’s tort in course of employment
- Moral dilemma resolution: Eternal law, Utilitarianism, Universalism, Distributive justice, Personal liberty
- 5 complexities of ethical decisions: Extended consequences, Multiple alternatives, Mixed outcomes, Uncertain consequences, Personal implications
- Duties of engineer: Fitness for purpose, avoid negligent misstatement, legal compliance, site examination, protect rights, quality documentation, material selection, professional judgment, design revision
- Engineer’s relations: With public (safety first), employers/clients (faithful agent), fellow engineers (fair credit, no malice)
- Types of liability: Under contract, in tort, under statute