Chapter 1 – Technology (Revision)

1.1 Definition of Technology 208120802079207820742072

Technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes; the branch of knowledge dealing with the formation and use of technical resources and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment.

Environment: The totality of all external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of an organism.

Society: A group of individuals in persistent social interaction, sharing geographical/social territory, subject to same political authority and cultural expectations.

Characteristics of Technology 2080

Knowledge Based: Rooted in scientific research
Driven by Consumer Demand: Evolves in response to society's needs
Evident in All Cultures: Every civilization develops technology (e.g., Ghatta/Dhiki)
Fundamental to Survival: Essential for clothing, shelter, food, medicine
Accumulative: Builds upon itself — transistor → IC → microprocessor
Extends Capabilities: Enables humans beyond natural capacity
Inevitable: Cannot be stopped; continuously evolves
Irreversible: Once adopted, society cannot return to pre-technology state

Technology as Foundation of Civilization 2072

Stone Age: Stone tools, fire → first communities
Agricultural Revolution (~10,000 BC): Ploughs, irrigation → settled civilizations
Industrial Revolution (18th–19th c): Steam engine, railways → modern urban civilization
Information Age (20th–21st c): Computers, internet → globally connected civilization

📝 Past Questions — §1.1 (7 Qs) ★★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define Technology, Environment, & Society. Justify “Technology is Irreversible”.	4+4	2081
2	Define technology. Discuss characteristics with example.	2+6	2080
3	Define technology.	2	2079
4	Define technology.	2	2078
5	Define technology.	2	2074
6	What do you mean by technology?	2	2072
7	Define technology is the foundation of civilization.	Part of 8	2072

🔗 Q1 “Justify Irreversible” & Qs 3–6 “Define tech” share answers with: §1.10 Technology Is Irreversible → §1.2 Impact (often combined) →

1.2 Impact of Technology on Environment & Society 2079207820732072207120702069

Positive & Negative Impacts on Society

Positive	Negative
Improved Transportation	Loss of concentration
Improved Communication	Social isolation
Mechanized Agriculture	Threat to human health
Improved Education	Lack of privacy
Better Health & quality of life	Device addiction

Positive & Negative Impacts on Environment

Positive	Negative
Paperless communication	E-waste generation
Sensor technologies	Disrupting ecology
Eco-friendly energy (Solar, Wind)	Increased population
Improved research equipment	Excess power consumption

Impact on Nepalese Society 2069

Agriculture: Mechanized tools, improved seeds in Terai
Communication: Postal → landlines → mobile/4G
Infrastructure: Total Station, GPS, drones for road/hydropower
Health: Telemedicine; urban-rural disparities remain
Education: Online learning essential post-COVID
Challenges: Urbanization, e-waste, loss of traditional skills

📝 Past Questions — §1.2 (8 Qs) ★★★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define technology and its impact on societies.	Part of 8	2071
2	Discuss the impact of technology on environment and society.	6	2078
3	How technological advancement places impact on environment and society?	Part of 8	2073
4	Write down benefit of technology on environment and society.	Part of 8	2079
5	Discuss how development activities have impacts on environments and society.	8	2079
6	Discuss the impact of technology on society.	Part of 8	2072
7	Write the positive as well as negative impact of technology on society.	4	2070
8	How Nepalese society is impacted by technology in course of time?	Part of 8	2069

🔗 Q5 & Q8 “development/tech impacts on environment” also answered at: §1.1 Definition (often combined) → Ch4 §4.7 Global Env. Issues → Ch4 §4.8 Nepal Env. Issues →

1.3 Benefits of Technology Due to New Inventions 207920742072

Benefits in Research 2079

High-speed computing: simulations (climate, structural, genome)
Advanced instruments: electron microscopes, satellites, LiDAR
Data sharing: internet, open-access journals
AI & ML: pattern identification, prediction, automation

Benefits in Education 2072

Online/distance learning (Zoom, Coursera)
Digital libraries & open resources
Interactive learning: simulations, virtual labs, AR
Accessibility tools: screen readers, speech-to-text

Benefits for Civil Engineering 2074

Survey: Total Station, GPS/GNSS, drone photogrammetry, LiDAR
Design: AutoCAD, SAP2000, ETABS, STAAD Pro
GIS & Remote Sensing for site selection, flood mapping
BIM: 3D models integrating architectural, structural, MEP, cost

📝 Past Questions — §1.3 (3 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Discuss benefits of modern technology for promotion of innovative researches and application.	4+4	2079
2	Write down benefits of technology in education sector.	6	2072
3	As a civil engineer how have you been benefited by technologies?	6	2074

1.4 Conflict of Technology & Opportunity 2077

Economic: E-commerce, freelancing, digital marketing (Daraz, eSewa, Khalti)
Social Mobility: Free online courses democratize knowledge
Agricultural: Improved seeds, mechanization, weather forecasting
Governance: E-governance reduces corruption
Conflict: Traditional artisans lose to factories; privacy compromised

📝 Past Questions — §1.4 (1 Q) ★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Describe how technology helps create opportunity while transforming a society.	6	2077

1.5 Appropriate Technology 207920772075207420732071

Definition: Small-scale, local-level technology using local skills and manpower. Promotes decentralized, energy-efficient, locally controlled, environmentally sound solutions.

8 Properties

Small scale & simple
Decentralized
Labour intensive
Energy efficient
Self-sustaining
Uses renewable resources
Environmentally sound
Locally controlled

Examples

ICS: Less firewood, less smoke
Rope Pumps: Locally manufactured hand pumps
Biogas Plants: Dung → gas + fertilizer
Gabion Walls: Wire-mesh + local stones for slope stabilization
Micro-Hydro: 5–100 kW for remote hill communities

Relevance to LDCs like Nepal 20752071

Affordability (low investment)
Local employment
Self-reliance (local materials)
Environmental sustainability
Social acceptability
Terrain suitability (ropeways, trail bridges)

Elements of Sustainable Development 20742073

Economic Viability
Environmental Protection
Social Equity
Institutional Framework

Indigenous Technology as Sustainable in Nepal

Rajkulo: Gravity-fed canals — no energy cost, centuries proven
Newari houses: Mud-and-stone — thermally comfortable, low-carbon
Dhiki & Janto: Water-powered grain mills — zero fossil fuel
Terraced Farming: Prevents soil erosion on steep slopes

Role in Transforming Society 2079

Biogas reduced ARI by 40–50% in rural households
Micro-hydro brought first electricity to remote hills
Freed women from 3–4 hrs/day firewood collection
Drip irrigation → year-round commercial vegetable farming in Terai

📝 Past Questions — §1.5 (8 Qs) ★★★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define appropriate technology with suitable examples.	2	2077
2	What is appropriate technology?	Part of 8	2073
3	Describe the role of appropriate technology on transforming a society.	8	2079
4	Define appropriate technology and its relevancy to LDC.	Part of 8	2071
5	How are appropriate technologies useful in LDCs like Nepal?	8	2075
6	Elements for sustainable development? Indigenous tech sustainable in Nepal.	8	2074
7	Elements for sustainable development? Indigenous tech sustainable in Nepal.	8	2073
8	Write notes on: Appropriate Technology.	4	2071

🔗 Q6 & Q7 are identical across years. Shared answers with: §1.6 Labor-Based Tech → Ch2 §2.1 LEP Approach →

1.6 Intermediate, Labor Based & Labor Intensive Technology 20792078

Intermediate: Technology for developing countries using local resources; people-focused, not machine-focused
Labor-Based: Labour + light equipment; local labour preferred; quality meets standards
Labor-Intensive: Large number of workers; high labour-to-capital ratio; manual jobs

Comparison Tables

Labour-Based
Advantages	Disadvantages
More employment creation	Lacks production uniformity
Reduced environmental impact	Skilled manpower scarcity
Local resource use; local economy boost

Labour-Intensive
Advantages	Disadvantages
Controls expenses; solves unemployment	Higher production cost; low growth rate
Suitable where modern tech undeveloped	Cannot be competitive; lacks uniformity

📝 Past Questions — §1.6 (2 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define Labor based and labor intensive technology with example.	4	2078
2	Discuss advantages and disadvantages of labor based and labor intensive approach.	8	2079

🔗 Labor-based approach shares answer with: Ch2 §2.1 LEP merits/demerits → §1.5 Appropriate Technology →

1.7 Shifts in Employment 20732069

Agricultural → Industrial: Mechanization reduced farm labor
Industrial → Service: Automation reduced factory jobs; shift to finance, healthcare, IT
Service → Knowledge: Software engineers, data analysts, digital marketers
Emerging: Gig economy; AI displacing white-collar; new roles (drones, cybersecurity)
Nepal: Rural-to-urban migration; IT/BPO emerging; Gulf employment

📝 Past Questions — §1.7 (2 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Explain the technology provides shift in employment.	8	2073
2	Write short notes on: Technology and shift in employment.	4	2069

1.8 Unmasking Social Problems & Price Control 207620752069

Unmasking Old Social Problems

Communication: Internet replaced post offices → unmasked misinformation
Transportation: Cars/planes revealed isolation as root of underdevelopment
Civil Engg: CAD, GPS revealed old survey inaccuracies
Health: Treatment machines reduced preventable deaths
Social Crimes: Surveillance reduced theft; media exposed hidden problems
Banking: ATMs, internet banking solved financial access

Technology Controlling Prices 20752069

Increased production efficiency (mechanized farming)
Reduced transport costs (better roads, GPS logistics)
Elimination of middlemen (e-commerce)
Market info systems (mobile price comparison)
Cold storage reduces 30–40% post-harvest losses
Renewable energy stabilizes costs

📝 Past Questions — §1.8 (3 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	How technology unmask old social problem? Justify with examples.	8	2076
2	How technology can control the price of basic commodities?	8	2075
3	“Technology can control price” Do you agree? Support with examples.	8	2069

§1.9 Impact on Culture & Tradition — Never asked directly. Can supplement §1.2 answers.

1.10 Technology Is Irreversible 20812078

Breeds Technology: Wheel → carts → automobiles → self-driving
Always Upgrades: Computing power grows exponentially
Improves Productivity: No return to slower old ways
Life Enhancement: Electric light, modern medicine permanently changed life
New Problems Need New Tech: Old tech problems need newer tech, not primitive return

📝 Past Questions — §1.10 (1 Q) ★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Justify technology is irreversible.	4	2078

🔗 Same answer also needed for: §1.1 Q1 “Justify Irreversible” (2081) →

1.11 Agricultural, Industrial & Information Age 207620702069

Aspect	Agricultural	Industrial	Information
Period	~10,000 BC – 18th c	18th – mid-20th c	Mid-20th c – present
Resource	Land & Labour	Capital & Machinery	Knowledge & Information
Economy	Farming	Factory manufacturing	IT, services, data
Key Tech	Plough, irrigation	Steam engine, electricity	Computer, internet, AI
Social	Rural, feudal	Urban, class-based	Networked, globalized
Employment	80–90% farming	Majority in factories	Majority in services/IT

📝 Past Questions — §1.11 (3 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	What is “Agricultural Age”, “Industrial Age” and “Information Age”?	4	2070
2	What is Information Society? Differentiate with agricultural and industrial.	8	2076
3	Define industrial revolution, industrial society and information society.	Part of 8	2069

🔗 Same answer content as (historical angle): Ch3 §3.3 Industrial Revolution → Ch3 §3.4 Industrial → Info Society → §1.12 Info Society Characteristics →

1.12 Characteristics of Information Society 2073207220712070

Information used as an economic resource
Greater use of information among general public
Information sector develops (telecom, media, education, finance)
Focus on education and continuous learning
Information is wealth — power is information in hands of many
Remote communication via internet
Global information networks
Robots doing skilled and unskilled jobs
Knowledge theory of value replaces labour theory

Challenges

Digital divide (unequal global access)
Job erosion from computers/robots
Computer literacy challenges
Computer-related theft and fraud

Impact of Computers & Cybernetics 2070

Electronic banking, e-commerce, digital communication
Cybernetics: automated feedback (thermostats, autopilot)
Internet: single global platform
Global Village: Marshall McLuhan — electronic communication contracts world

§1.13 Information as Power & Wealth — Never asked directly. Supplements §1.12.

📝 Past Questions — §1.12 (4 Qs) ★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	What do you understand by information society?	8	2072
2	Explain information society. Write characteristics of information age.	7	2071
3	Describe briefly the characteristics of information society.	Part of 8	2073
4	Discuss impacts of computer & cybernetics in creating info society / global village.	8	2070

🔗 Same answer content (historical transition angle): Ch3 §3.4 Industrial → Info Society → §1.11 Three Ages comparison →

Quick-Revision Summary

Section	Topic	Qs	Freq.
1.1	Definition of Technology	7	★★★★
1.2	Impact on Environment & Society	8	★★★★★
1.3	Benefits of New Inventions	3	★★
1.4	Conflict & Opportunity	1	★
1.5	Appropriate Technology	8	★★★★★
1.6	Intermediate, Labor Based/Intensive	2	★★
1.7	Shifts in Employment	2	★★
1.8	Unmasking Problems & Price Control	3	★★
1.10	Technology Is Irreversible	1	★
1.11	Agricultural/Industrial/Info Age	3	★★
1.12	Characteristics of Info Society	4	★★★

1.1 Definition of Technology 208120802079207820742072

Environment: The totality of all external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of an organism — physical, chemical, biological surroundings.

Society: A group of individuals in persistent social interaction, sharing geographical/social territory, subject to same political authority and cultural expectations.

Technology includes processes, knowledge, skills, and organizational methods — not just machines.

1.1.1 Characteristics of Technology 2080

Knowledge Based: Rooted in scientific knowledge and research.
Driven by Consumer Demand: Evolves in response to society's needs.
Evident in All Cultures: Every civilization develops technology suited to its environment (e.g., Ghatta/Dhiki in Nepal).
Fundamental to Survival: Essential for clothing, shelter, food, medicine.
Accumulative: Builds upon itself — transistor → IC → microprocessor → computer.
Extends Capabilities: Enables humans beyond natural capacity (cranes, calculators).
Inevitable: Cannot be stopped; continuously evolves.
Irreversible: Once adopted, society cannot return to pre-technology state.

1.1.2 Technology as Foundation of Civilization 2072

Stone Age: Stone tools, fire → first communities
Agricultural Revolution (~10,000 BC): Ploughs, irrigation → settled civilizations
Industrial Revolution (18th–19th c): Steam engine, railways → modern urban civilization
Information Age (20th–21st c): Computers, internet → globally connected civilization

1.2 Impact of Technology on Environment & Society 2079207820732072207120702069

Positive & Negative Impacts on Society

Positive Impact	Negative Impact
Improved Transportation	Loss of concentration
Improved Communication	Social isolation
Improved (Mechanized) Agriculture	Threat to human health
Improved Education & learning	Lack of privacy
Improved Health facilities & quality of life	Addiction (devices & internet)

Positive & Negative Impacts on Environment

Positive Impact	Negative Impact
Paperless communication — low carbon	E-waste generation
Sensor technologies (auto light on-off)	Disrupting ecology
Eco-friendly energy (Solar, Wind)	Increased population (improved health tech)
Improved research equipment	Excess power consumption

1.2.6 Impact on Nepalese Society 2069

Agriculture: Mechanized tools (tractors, threshers), improved seeds in Terai
Communication: Postal → landlines → mobile/4G; Facebook widely used even rurally
Infrastructure: Total Station, GPS, drones accelerated road/hydropower development
Health: Telemedicine expanded access; urban-rural disparities remain
Education: Online learning essential post-COVID; internet access challenges in remote areas
Challenges: Urbanization, e-waste, loss of traditional skills, import dependence

1.3 Benefits of Technology Due to New Inventions 207920742072

Benefits in Research 2079

High-speed computing: simulations (climate, structural, genome)
Advanced instruments: electron microscopes, satellites, LiDAR
Data sharing: internet, open-access journals accelerate discovery
AI & ML: pattern identification, prediction, automation

Benefits in Education 2072

Online/distance learning (Google Classroom, Zoom, Coursera)
Digital libraries & open resources
Interactive learning: simulations, virtual labs, AR
Personalized learning via AI-based adaptive systems
Accessibility tools: screen readers, speech-to-text

Benefits for Civil Engineering 2074

Survey: Total Station, GPS/GNSS, drone photogrammetry, LiDAR
Design: AutoCAD, SAP2000, ETABS, STAAD Pro
GIS & Remote Sensing for site selection, flood mapping
Construction management: MS Project, Primavera
BIM: 3D models integrating architectural, structural, MEP, cost data

1.4 Conflict of Technology & Opportunity for Society 2077

Economic Opportunity: Internet created e-commerce, freelancing, digital marketing (Nepal: Daraz, eSewa, Khalti)
Social Mobility: Free online courses (MIT, Khan Academy) democratize knowledge
Agricultural Transformation: Improved seeds, mechanization, weather forecasting
Governance: E-governance (online land registration, digital citizenship) reduces corruption
The Conflict: Traditional artisans lose to factories; small shops displaced by online retail; privacy compromised

1.5 Appropriate Technology 207920772075207420732071

Definition: Small-scale, local-level technology whose goal is to make use of local skills and manpower to provide basic human needs. Promotes decentralized, energy-efficient, locally controlled, environmentally sound solutions.

Dr. Ernst Friedrich: Should promote health, beauty, and permanence. Ideologies of Gandhi and Mao advocated village-based self-reliant technology.

8 Properties of Appropriate Technology

Small scale and simple
Decentralization of goods/services
Labour intensive
Energy efficient
Self-sustaining
Uses renewable resources
Environmentally sound
Locally controlled

Examples

ICS (Improved Cooking Stoves): Less firewood, less indoor smoke
Rope Pumps: Simple, locally manufactured hand pumps
Biogas Plants: Animal dung → cooking gas + organic fertilizer
Gabion Walls: Wire-mesh + local stones for slope stabilization
Micro-Hydropower: 5–100 kW for remote hill communities

Relevance to LDCs like Nepal 20752071

Affordability: Low investment (biogas, solar, ICS)
Local Employment: Labor-intensive, generates local jobs
Self-Reliance: Uses local materials, reduces imports
Environmental Sustainability: Renewable resources, minimal pollution
Social Acceptability: Designed for local conditions
Terrain Suitability: Nepal's rugged terrain suits small-scale tech (ropeways, trail bridges)

Elements of Sustainable Development 20742073

Economic Viability
Environmental Protection
Social Equity
Institutional Framework

Indigenous Technology as Sustainable in Nepal 20742073

Rajkulo: Gravity-fed canal systems — no energy cost, centuries proven
Mud-and-Stone Construction: Newari houses — thermally comfortable, low-carbon
Dhiki & Janto: Water-powered grain mills — zero fossil fuel
Terraced Farming: Prevents soil erosion, maximizes cultivable area on steep slopes

Role in Transforming Society 2079

Biogas reduced ARI by 40–50% in rural Nepal households
Micro-hydro brought first electricity to remote hills (Myagdi, Baglung)
Freed women from 3–4 hrs/day firewood collection → education, income
Drip irrigation enabled year-round commercial vegetable farming in Terai
Solar-powered learning centres in off-grid areas (Humla, Dolpa)
VIP latrines & eco-sanitation reduced diarrheal diseases by 30–40%

1.6 Intermediate, Labor Based & Labor Intensive Technology 20792078

Intermediate: Technology for developing countries using local resources; focuses on people rather than machines. E.g.: Solar bulbs, hand weaving machines, pedal-power maize sheller.
Labor-Based: Combines labour with light equipment; local labour preferred; quality meets standards. E.g.: Road construction with manual earthwork + small roller for compaction.
Labor-Intensive: Large number of workers; high labour cost relative to capital; physical/manual jobs. E.g.: Hand-excavation of irrigation canals.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Labour-Based Technology
Advantages	Disadvantages
More employment creation	Lacks production uniformity
Reduced environmental impact	Skilled manpower scarcity
Increased use of local resources
Contributes to local economy

Labour-Intensive Technology
Advantages	Disadvantages
Controls expenses in downturns	Production cost increases
Solves unemployment	Low economic growth rate
Society positive towards project	Cannot be competitive
Suitable where modern tech undeveloped	Lacks uniformity
Brings economic stability	Skilled manpower scarcity

1.7 Shifts in Employment 20732069

Agricultural → Industrial: Mechanization reduced farm labor; workers migrated to factories
Industrial → Service: Automation (robots, CNC) reduced factory jobs; shift to finance, healthcare, IT
Service → Knowledge/Information: Computers created software engineers, data analysts, digital marketers
Emerging: Gig economy (Uber, Upwork); AI displacing white-collar jobs; new roles (drone operators, cybersecurity)
Nepal: Rural-to-urban migration; IT/BPO emerging; Gulf employment driven by agricultural mechanization

1.8 Role of Technology to Unmask Social Problems & Control Prices 207620752069

Unmasking Old Social Problems

Communication: Internet/mobile replaced post offices → unmasked misinformation issues
Transportation: Cars, trains, planes replaced carts → revealed isolation as root of underdevelopment
Civil Engineering: CAD, SAP, GPS replaced manual methods → revealed old survey inaccuracies
Health & Education: Treatment machines, projectors replaced old methods → reduced preventable deaths
Social Crimes: Surveillance technology reduced theft/robbery; media exposed hidden problems
Banking: ATMs, internet banking solved financial access problems

Society's Control of Technology: Via (1) Economy, (2) Education, (3) Resources/Infrastructure, (4) Environment.

Technology Controlling Commodity Prices 20752069

Increased production efficiency (mechanized farming, improved seeds)
Reduced transportation costs (better roads, GPS logistics)
Elimination of middlemen (e-commerce, mobile apps)
Market information systems (mobile price comparison)
Cold storage & preservation (reduce 30–40% post-harvest losses)
Renewable energy reduces fossil fuel dependency, stabilizes costs

1.10 Technology Is Irreversible 20812078

Breeds Technology: Wheel → carts → automobiles → self-driving cars; each triggers the next
Always Upgrades: Computing power grows exponentially while prices stay similar
Improves Productivity: No one wants to return to slower old ways
Life Enhancement: Electric lights, modern medicine, digital banking permanently changed daily life
New Problems Need New Tech: Problems of old technology require newer technology, not return to primitive methods

1.11 Agricultural, Industrial & Information Age 207620702069

Aspect	Agricultural Age	Industrial Age	Information Age
Period	~10,000 BC – 18th c	18th – mid-20th c	Mid-20th c – present
Primary Resource	Land & Labour	Capital & Machinery	Knowledge & Information
Economic Base	Farming	Factory manufacturing	IT, services, data
Key Technology	Plough, irrigation, wheel	Steam engine, electricity	Computer, internet, AI
Social Structure	Rural, feudal	Urban, class-based	Networked, globalized
Employment	80–90% farming	Majority in factories	Majority in services/IT

Information Society: Where creation, distribution, and manipulation of information is the most significant economic activity. Wealth = knowledge/data, not land or machinery.

1.12 Characteristics of Information Society 2073207220712070

Information used as an economic resource by organizations
Greater use of information among general public
Information sector develops (telecom, media, education, finance)
Focus on education and continuous learning
Information is wealth — power is information in hands of many
Remote communication via telecom and internet
Distribution of global information networks
Easy access to vast information (internet)
Robots doing skilled and unskilled jobs
Knowledge theory of value replaces labour theory
New possibilities for public interaction (social media)

Challenges

Unequal global access (digital divide)
Erosion of employment from computers/robots
Computer literacy challenge
Computer-related theft and fraud

Impact of Computers & Cybernetics 2070

Computers enabled electronic banking, e-commerce, digital communication
Cybernetics enabled automated feedback (thermostats, autopilot, automated manufacturing)
Internet created single global communication platform
Global Village: Marshall McLuhan — electronic communication contracts world into a village

Past Exam Questions (42 Total)

1.1 Definition of Technology (7 Qs) ★★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define Technology, Environment, & Society. Justify “Technology is Irreversible” with examples.	4+4	2081 Chaitra
2	Define technology. Discuss characteristics of technology with suitable example.	2+6	2080 Chaitra
3	Define technology.	2	2079 Chaitra
4	Define technology.	2	2078 Chaitra
5	Define technology.	2	2074 Magh
6	What do you mean by technology?	2	2072 Ashwin
7	Define technology is the foundation of civilization.	Part of 8	2072 Magh

🔗 Cross-ref: Q1 also covers §1.10 (Irreversible). Questions often combined with §1.2 (Impact).

1.2 Impact on Environment & Society (8 Qs) ★★★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define technology and its impact on societies.	Part of 8	2071 Bhadra
2	Discuss the impact of technology on environment and society.	6	2078 Chaitra
3	How technological advancement places impact on environment and society?	Part of 8	2073 Bhadra
4	Write down benefit of technology on environment and society.	Part of 8	2079 Chaitra
5	Discuss with suitable examples on how development activities have impacts on environments and society.	8	2079 Chaitra
6	Discuss the impact of technology on society.	Part of 8	2072 Magh
7	Write the positive as well as negative impact of technology on society.	4	2070 Bhadra
8	How Nepalese society is impacted by technology in course of time?	Part of 8	2069 Bhadra

🔗 Cross-ref: Often combined with §1.1 as a single question. Q5 & Q8 overlap with Ch4 §4.7–4.8 (environmental issues).

1.3 Benefits of Technology Due to New Inventions (3 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Discuss the benefits of modern technology for the promotion of innovative researches and their output application in various fields.	4+4	2079 Jestha
2	Write down benefits of technology in education sector.	6	2072 Ashwin
3	As a civil engineer how have you been benefited by technologies?	6	2074 Magh

1.4 Conflict of Technology, Technology Creates Opportunity (1 Q) ★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Describe how technology helps create opportunity while transforming a society.	6	2077 Chaitra

1.5 Appropriate Technology (8 Qs) ★★★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define appropriate technology with suitable examples.	2	2077 Chaitra
2	What is appropriate technology?	Part of 8	2073 Bhadra
3	Describe the role of appropriate technology on transforming a society.	8	2079 Shrawan
4	Define appropriate technology and its relevancy to LDC.	Part of 8	2071 Bhadra
5	What are appropriate technologies? How are they useful in least developed countries like Nepal?	8	2075 Bhadra
6	What are the elements for sustainable development? How can you say Indigenous technology are sustainable in case of Nepal.	8	2074 Bhadra
7	What are the elements for sustainable development? How can you say Indigenous technology are sustainable in case of Nepal.	8	2073 Magh
8	Write notes on: Appropriate Technology.	4	2071 Magh

🔗 Cross-ref: Q6 & Q7 are identical across years. Appropriate tech links to §1.6 (labor-based). Indigenous tech in Nepal also connects to Ch2 §2.1 (LEP approach).

1.6 Intermediate Technology, Labor Based & Labor Intensive (2 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Define Labor based and labor intensive technology with suitable example.	4	2078 Kartik
2	Discuss advantages and disadvantages of labor based and labor intensive development approach with suitable examples.	8	2079 Chaitra

🔗 Cross-ref: Labor-based approach overlaps with Ch2 §2.1 (LEP merits/demerits).

1.7 Shifts in Employment (2 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Explain the technology provides shift in employment.	8	2073 Bhadra
2	Write short notes on: Technology and shift in employment.	4	2069 Bhadra

1.8 Unmasking Old Social Problems & Price Control (3 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	How technology unmask old social problem? Justify with suitable examples.	8	2076 Bhadra
2	How technology can control the price of basic commodities? Explain.	8	2075 Bhadra
3	“Technology can control price” Do you agree? Support your views with examples.	8	2069 Bhadra

1.9 Impact on Culture, Tradition & Societal Values (0 Qs)

Never asked directly. Content may supplement §1.2 answers.

1.10 Technology Is Irreversible (1 Q) ★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	Justify technology is irreversible.	4	2078 Kartik

🔗 Cross-ref: Also asked as part of §1.1 Q1 (2081 Chaitra “Justify Technology is Irreversible”).

1.11 Agricultural Age, Industrial Age & Information Age (3 Qs) ★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	What is “Agricultural Age”, “Industrial Age” and “Information Age”? Explain.	4	2070 Bhadra
2	What do you mean by an Information Society? Differentiate it with agricultural and industrial society.	8	2076 Bhadra
3	Define industrial revolution, industrial society and information society.	Part of 8	2069 Bhadra

🔗 Cross-ref: Same content as Ch3 §3.3–3.4 (Industrial Revolution & transformation to Information Society). Ch3 focuses on HISTORY, Ch1 focuses on CHARACTERISTICS & COMPARISON.

1.12 Characteristics of Information Society (4 Qs) ★★★

#	Question	Marks	Year
1	What do you understand by information society?	8	2072 Magh
2	Explain information society. Also write down characteristics of information age.	7	2071 Magh
3	Describe briefly the characteristics of information society.	Part of 8	2073 Bhadra
4	What is meant by industrial and info society? Discuss impacts of computer & cybernetics in creating information society that makes the world a global village.	8	2070 Magh

🔗 Cross-ref: Overlaps with Ch3 §3.4 (Industrial to Information Society transition). Q4 links to §1.11.

1.13 Information as Power & Wealth (0 Qs)

Never asked directly. Content may supplement §1.12 answers.

Quick-Revision Summary

Section	Topic	Qs	Freq.
1.1	Definition of Technology	7	★★★★
1.2	Impact on Environment & Society	8	★★★★★
1.3	Benefits of New Inventions	3	★★
1.4	Conflict & Opportunity	1	★
1.5	Appropriate Technology	8	★★★★★
1.6	Intermediate, Labor Based/Intensive	2	★★
1.7	Shifts in Employment	2	★★
1.8	Unmasking Problems & Price Control	3	★★
1.10	Technology Is Irreversible	1	★
1.11	Agricultural/Industrial/Info Age	3	★★
1.12	Characteristics of Info Society	4	★★★